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[Cyberpedia](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia?ts=markdown) 2. [Threats](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/threat?ts=markdown) 3. [Cyber Attack](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack?ts=markdown) 4. [What Is a Rootkit?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit?ts=markdown) Table of Contents * [What Is a Cyber Attack?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack?ts=markdown) * [Threat Overview: Cyber Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#threat?ts=markdown) * [Cyber Attack Types at a Glance](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#cyber?ts=markdown) * [Global Cyber Attack Trends](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#global?ts=markdown) * [Cyber Attack Taxonomy](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#taxonomy?ts=markdown) * [Threat-Actor Landscape](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#landscape?ts=markdown) * [Attack Lifecycle and Methodologies](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#methodologies?ts=markdown) * [Technical Deep Dives](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#technical?ts=markdown) * [Cyber Attack Case Studies](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#studies?ts=markdown) * [Tools, Platforms, and Infrastructure](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#tools?ts=markdown) * [The Effect of Cyber Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#effect?ts=markdown) * [Detection, Response, and Intelligence](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#detection?ts=markdown) * [Emerging Cyber Attack Trends](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#trends?ts=markdown) * [Testing and Validation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#testing?ts=markdown) * [Metrics and Continuous Improvement](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#metrics?ts=markdown) * [Cyber Attack FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is a Zero-Day Attack? Risks, Examples, and Prevention](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/zero-day-attacks-explained-risks-examples-prevention?ts=markdown) * [Zero-Day Attacks Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/zero-day-attacks-explained-risks-examples-prevention#explained?ts=markdown) * [Zero-Day Vulnerability vs. Zero-Day Attack vs. CVE](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/zero-day-attacks-explained-risks-examples-prevention#vs?ts=markdown) * [How Zero-Day Exploits Work](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/zero-day-attacks-explained-risks-examples-prevention#how?ts=markdown) * [Common Zero-Day Attack Vectors](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/zero-day-attacks-explained-risks-examples-prevention#common?ts=markdown) * [Why Zero-Day Attacks Are So Effective and Their Consequences](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/zero-day-attacks-explained-risks-examples-prevention#why?ts=markdown) * [How to Prevent and Mitigate Zero-Day Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/zero-day-attacks-explained-risks-examples-prevention#prevent?ts=markdown) * [The Role of AI in Zero-Day Defense](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/zero-day-attacks-explained-risks-examples-prevention#role?ts=markdown) * [Real-World Examples of Zero-Day Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/zero-day-attacks-explained-risks-examples-prevention#examples?ts=markdown) * [Zero-Day Attacks FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/zero-day-attacks-explained-risks-examples-prevention#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Lateral Movement?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement?ts=markdown) * [Why Attackers Use Lateral Movement](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement#why?ts=markdown) * [How Do Lateral Movement Attacks Work?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement#how?ts=markdown) * [Stages of a Lateral Movement Attack](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement#stages?ts=markdown) * [Techniques Used in Lateral Movement](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement#technicques?ts=markdown) * [Detection Strategies for Lateral Movement](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement#detection?ts=markdown) * [Tools to Prevent Lateral Movement](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement#tools?ts=markdown) * [Best Practices for Defense](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement#best?ts=markdown) * [Recent Trends in Lateral Movement Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement#recent?ts=markdown) * [Industry-Specific Challenges](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement#industry?ts=markdown) * [Compliance and Regulatory Requirements](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement#compliance?ts=markdown) * [Financial Impact and ROI Considerations](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement#financial?ts=markdown) * [Common Mistakes to Avoid](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement#common?ts=markdown) * [Lateral Movement FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What is a Botnet?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet?ts=markdown) * [How Botnets Work](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet#how?ts=markdown) * [Why are Botnets Created?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet#why?ts=markdown) * [What are Botnets Used For?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet#what?ts=markdown) * [Types of Botnets](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet#types?ts=markdown) * [Signs Your Device May Be in a Botnet](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet#signs?ts=markdown) * [How to Protect Against Botnets](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet#protect?ts=markdown) * [Why Botnets Lead to Long-Term Intrusions](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet#intrusions?ts=markdown) * [How To Disable a Botnet](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet#disable?ts=markdown) * [Tools and Techniques for Botnet Defense](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet#tools?ts=markdown) * [Real-World Examples of Botnets](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet#examples?ts=markdown) * [Botnet FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What is a Payload-Based Signature?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-payload-based-signature?ts=markdown) * [Importance of Payload-Based Signatures](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-payload-based-signature#important?ts=markdown) * [How Payload-Based Signatures Work](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-payload-based-signature#how?ts=markdown) * [Advantages of Payload-Based Signatures](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-payload-based-signature#advantages?ts=markdown) * [Use Cases of Payload-Based Signatures in Cybersecurity](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-payload-based-signature#usecases?ts=markdown) * [Payload-Based Signatures FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-payload-based-signature#faqs?ts=markdown) * [Dark Web Leak Sites: Key Insights for Security Decision Makers](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-dark-web-leak-site?ts=markdown) * [Dark Web Leak Sites Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-dark-web-leak-site#dark?ts=markdown) * [Evolving Extortion Tactics](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-dark-web-leak-site#tactics?ts=markdown) * [The Role of Leak Sites in Ransomware Double Extortion](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-dark-web-leak-site#role?ts=markdown) * [Critical Risks Exposed by Data Leak Sites](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-dark-web-leak-site#critical?ts=markdown) * [Anatomy of a Dark Web Leak Site](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-dark-web-leak-site#anatomy?ts=markdown) * [Proactive Defense: How Organizations Can Mitigate Dark Web Leaks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-dark-web-leak-site#proactive?ts=markdown) * [Dark Web Leak Site FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-dark-web-leak-site#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What to Do If Your Organization Appears on a Dark Web Leak Site](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-dark-web-leak-site#appears?ts=markdown) * [What is Spyware?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-spyware?ts=markdown) * [Cybercrime: The Underground Economy](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cybercrime-the-underground-economy?ts=markdown) * [Products](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cybercrime-the-underground-economy#products?ts=markdown) * [Services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cybercrime-the-underground-economy#services?ts=markdown) * [Cybercrime FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cybercrime-the-underground-economy#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/xss-cross-site-scripting?ts=markdown) * [XSS Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/xss-cross-site-scripting#xss?ts=markdown) * [Evolution in Attack Complexity](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/xss-cross-site-scripting#evolution?ts=markdown) * [Anatomy of a Cross-Site Scripting Attack](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/xss-cross-site-scripting#anatomy?ts=markdown) * [Integration in the Attack Lifecycle](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/xss-cross-site-scripting#integration?ts=markdown) * [Widespread Exposure in the Wild](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/xss-cross-site-scripting#widespread?ts=markdown) * [Cross-Site Scripting Detection and Indicators](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/xss-cross-site-scripting#indicators?ts=markdown) * [Prevention and Mitigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/xss-cross-site-scripting#mitigation?ts=markdown) * [Response and Recovery Post XSS Attack](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/xss-cross-site-scripting#response?ts=markdown) * [Strategic Cross-Site Scripting Risk Perspective](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/xss-cross-site-scripting#strategic?ts=markdown) * [Cross-Site Scripting FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/xss-cross-site-scripting#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is a Dictionary Attack?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dictionary-attack?ts=markdown) * [Dictionary Attack Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dictionary-attack#dictionary?ts=markdown) * [How Dictionary Attacks Work](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dictionary-attack#how?ts=markdown) * [Dictionary Attack in the Attack Lifecycle](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dictionary-attack#lifecycle?ts=markdown) * [Dictionary Attack in the Real World](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dictionary-attack#examples?ts=markdown) * [Dictionary Attack Detection and Indicators](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dictionary-attack#indicators?ts=markdown) * [Preventing and Mitigating Dictionary Attack](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dictionary-attack#preventing?ts=markdown) * [Attack Response and Recovery](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dictionary-attack#recovery?ts=markdown) * [Dictionary Attack FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dictionary-attack#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is a Credential-Based Attack?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-credential-based-attack?ts=markdown) * [Credential-Based Attack Overview](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-credential-based-attack#credential?ts=markdown) * [How Credential-Based Attacks Work](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-credential-based-attack#how?ts=markdown) * [Variations on Credential-Based Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-credential-based-attack#variations?ts=markdown) * [Preventing Credential-Based Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-credential-based-attack#preventing?ts=markdown) * [Credential-Based Attack FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-credential-based-attack#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-denial-of-service-attack-dos?ts=markdown) * [How Denial-of-Service Attacks Work](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-denial-of-service-attack-dos#how?ts=markdown) * [Denial-of-Service in Adversary Campaigns](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-denial-of-service-attack-dos#denial?ts=markdown) * [Real-World Denial-of-Service Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-denial-of-service-attack-dos#attacks?ts=markdown) * [Detection and Indicators of Denial-of-Service Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-denial-of-service-attack-dos#detection?ts=markdown) * [Prevention and Mitigation of Denial-of-Service Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-denial-of-service-attack-dos#prevention?ts=markdown) * [Response and Recovery from Denial-of-Service Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-denial-of-service-attack-dos#response?ts=markdown) * [Operationalizing Denial-of-Service Defense](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-denial-of-service-attack-dos#defense?ts=markdown) * [DoS Attack FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-denial-of-service-attack-dos#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Hacktivism?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/hacktivism?ts=markdown) * [Hacktivism Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/hacktivism#explained?ts=markdown) * [Origins and Definitions](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/hacktivism#origins?ts=markdown) * [Forms and Methods](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/hacktivism#forms?ts=markdown) * [Related Practices](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/hacktivism#related?ts=markdown) * [Who Do Hacktivists Target?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/hacktivism#who?ts=markdown) * [What Motivates Hacktivists?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/hacktivism#what?ts=markdown) * [Is Hacktivism Ethical?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/hacktivism#ethical?ts=markdown) * [Hacktivism FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/hacktivism#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is a DDoS Attack?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-ddos-attack?ts=markdown) * [Threat Overview](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-ddos-attack#threat?ts=markdown) * [How Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks Work](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-ddos-attack#how?ts=markdown) * [DDoS in Multistage Attack Campaigns](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-ddos-attack#ddos?ts=markdown) * [Real-World DDoS Incidents and Organizational Impact](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-ddos-attack#impact?ts=markdown) * [DDoS Attack Detection Indicators](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-ddos-attack#indicators?ts=markdown) * [DDoS Prevention and Mitigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-ddos-attack#mitigation?ts=markdown) * [DDoS Response and Recovery](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-ddos-attack#recovery?ts=markdown) * [Distributed Denial of Service FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-ddos-attack#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery)?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/csrf-cross-site-request-forgery?ts=markdown) * [CSRF Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/csrf-cross-site-request-forgery#csrf?ts=markdown) * [How Cross-Site Request Forgery Works](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/csrf-cross-site-request-forgery#how?ts=markdown) * [Where CSRF Fits in the Broader Attack Lifecycle](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/csrf-cross-site-request-forgery#where?ts=markdown) * [CSRF in Real-World Exploits](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/csrf-cross-site-request-forgery#exploits?ts=markdown) * [Detecting CSRF Through Behavioral and Telemetry Signals](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/csrf-cross-site-request-forgery#detecting?ts=markdown) * [Defending Against Cross-Site Request Forgery](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/csrf-cross-site-request-forgery#defending?ts=markdown) * [Responding to a CSRF Incident](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/csrf-cross-site-request-forgery#responding?ts=markdown) * [CSRF as a Strategic Business Risk](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/csrf-cross-site-request-forgery#risk?ts=markdown) * [Key Priorities for CSRF Defense and Resilience](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/csrf-cross-site-request-forgery#key?ts=markdown) * [Cross-Site Request Forgery FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/csrf-cross-site-request-forgery#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Spear Phishing?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-spear-phishing?ts=markdown) * [Spear Phishing Email Tactics](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-spear-phishing#what?ts=markdown) * [How Does Spear Phishing Work?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-spear-phishing#how?ts=markdown) * [Types of Spear Phishing Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-spear-phishing#types?ts=markdown) * [Examples of Spear Phishing Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-spear-phishing#examples?ts=markdown) * [How to Protect Yourself from Spear Phishing](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-spear-phishing#protect?ts=markdown) * [If You Fall Victim to Spear Phishing](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-spear-phishing#victim?ts=markdown) * [Spear Phishing FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-spear-phishing#faq?ts=markdown) * [What Is Brute Force?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/brute-force?ts=markdown) * [How Brute Force Functions as a Threat](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/brute-force#how?ts=markdown) * [How Brute Force Works in Practice](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/brute-force#practice?ts=markdown) * [Brute Force in Multistage Attack Campaigns](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/brute-force#brute?ts=markdown) * [Real-World Brute Force Campaigns and Outcomes](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/brute-force#outcomes?ts=markdown) * [Detection Patterns in Brute Force Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/brute-force#detection?ts=markdown) * [Practical Defense Against Brute Force Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/brute-force#defense?ts=markdown) * [Response and Recovery After a Brute Force Incident](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/brute-force#response?ts=markdown) * [Brute Force Attack FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/brute-force#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What is a Command and Control Attack?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/command-and-control-explained?ts=markdown) * [How a Command and Control Attack Works](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/command-and-control-explained#how?ts=markdown) * [Types of Command and Control Techniques](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/command-and-control-explained#types?ts=markdown) * [Devices Targeted by C\&C](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/command-and-control-explained#devices?ts=markdown) * [What Hackers Can Accomplish Through Command and Control](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/command-and-control-explained#what?ts=markdown) * [Command and Control FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/command-and-control-explained#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is an Advanced Persistent Threat?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-advanced-persistent-threat-apt?ts=markdown) * [Characteristics of Advanced Persistent Threats](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-advanced-persistent-threat-apt#characteristics?ts=markdown) * [What Techniques Are Used for APT Attacks?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-advanced-persistent-threat-apt#techniques?ts=markdown) * [What Are the Stages of an APT Attack?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-advanced-persistent-threat-apt#stages?ts=markdown) * [What Is the Defense Against APT?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-advanced-persistent-threat-apt#defense?ts=markdown) * [Real-World Example of an APT Attack](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-advanced-persistent-threat-apt#realworld?ts=markdown) * [Advanced Persistent Threat FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-advanced-persistent-threat-apt#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What is an Exploit Kit?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-exploit-kit?ts=markdown) * [Landing Page](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-exploit-kit#landing?ts=markdown) * [Exploit](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-exploit-kit#exploit?ts=markdown) * [Payload](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-exploit-kit#payload?ts=markdown) * [What Is Credential Stuffing?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/credential-stuffing?ts=markdown) * [Credential Stuffing Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/credential-stuffing#credential?ts=markdown) * [Automated Exploitation of Reused Credentials](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/credential-stuffing#automated?ts=markdown) * [Integration in the Attack Lifecycle](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/credential-stuffing#integration?ts=markdown) * [Credential Stuffing Attacks in the Real World](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/credential-stuffing#stuffing?ts=markdown) * [Responding and Recovering from Credential Stuffing](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/credential-stuffing#responding?ts=markdown) * [Credential Stuffing FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/credential-stuffing#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Smishing?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-smishing?ts=markdown) * [How to Spot a Smishing Attempt](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-smishing#spot-smishing-attempt?ts=markdown) * [How to Avoid Being Smished](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-smishing#avoid-being-smished?ts=markdown) * [Smishing FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-smishing#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What is Social Engineering?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-social-engineering?ts=markdown) * [The Role of Human Psychology in Social Engineering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-social-engineering#role?ts=markdown) * [How Has Social Engineering Evolved?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-social-engineering#historical?ts=markdown) * [How Does Social Engineering Work?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-social-engineering#how?ts=markdown) * [Phishing vs Social Engineering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-social-engineering#phishing?ts=markdown) * [What is BEC (Business Email Compromise)?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-social-engineering#bec?ts=markdown) * [Notable Social Engineering Incidents](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-social-engineering#notable?ts=markdown) * [Social Engineering Prevention](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-social-engineering#social?ts=markdown) * [Consequences of Social Engineering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-social-engineering#consequences?ts=markdown) * [Social Engineering FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-social-engineering#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is a Honeypot?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/honeypots?ts=markdown) * [Threat Overview: Honeypot](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/honeypots#threat?ts=markdown) * [Honeypot Exploitation and Manipulation Techniques](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/honeypots#honeypot?ts=markdown) * [Positioning Honeypots in the Adversary Kill Chain](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/honeypots#positioning?ts=markdown) * [Honeypots in Practice: Breaches, Deception, and Blowback](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/honeypots#blowback?ts=markdown) * [Detecting Honeypot Manipulation and Adversary Tactics](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/honeypots#tactics?ts=markdown) * [Safeguards Against Honeypot Abuse and Exposure](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/honeypots#safeguards?ts=markdown) * [Responding to Honeypot Exploitation or Compromise](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/honeypots#compromise?ts=markdown) * [Honeypot FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/honeypots#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Password Spraying?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/password-spraying?ts=markdown) * [Password Spraying Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/password-spraying#password?ts=markdown) * [How Password Spraying Works](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/password-spraying#works?ts=markdown) * [Password Spraying in the Broader Attack Lifecycle](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/password-spraying#attack?ts=markdown) * [Real-World Examples of Password Spraying Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/password-spraying#realworld?ts=markdown) * [Detection and Indicators](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/password-spraying#detection?ts=markdown) * [Preventing and Mitigating Password Spraying Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/password-spraying#mitigating?ts=markdown) * [Responding to Password Spraying](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/password-spraying#responding?ts=markdown) * [Password Spraying FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/password-spraying#faqs?ts=markdown) * [How to Break the Cyber Attack Lifecycle](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/how-to-break-the-cyber-attack-lifecycle?ts=markdown) * [1. Reconnaissance:](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/how-to-break-the-cyber-attack-lifecycle#reconnaissance?ts=markdown) * [2. Weaponization and Delivery:](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/how-to-break-the-cyber-attack-lifecycle#weaponization?ts=markdown) * [3. Exploitation:](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/how-to-break-the-cyber-attack-lifecycle#exploitation?ts=markdown) * [4. Installation:](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/how-to-break-the-cyber-attack-lifecycle#installation?ts=markdown) * [5. Command and Control:](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/how-to-break-the-cyber-attack-lifecycle#command?ts=markdown) * [6. Actions on the Objective:](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/how-to-break-the-cyber-attack-lifecycle#actions?ts=markdown) * [Cyber Attack Lifecycle FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/how-to-break-the-cyber-attack-lifecycle#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Phishing?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-phishing?ts=markdown) * [Phishing Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-phishing#phishing?ts=markdown) * [The Evolution of Phishing](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-phishing#?ts=markdown) * [The Anatomy of a Phishing Attack](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-phishing#anatomy?ts=markdown) * [Why Phishing Is Difficult to Detect](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-phishing#detect?ts=markdown) * [Types of Phishing](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-phishing#types?ts=markdown) * [Phishing Adversaries and Motives](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-phishing#motives?ts=markdown) * [The Psychology of Exploitation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-phishing#psychology?ts=markdown) * [Lessons from Phishing Incidents](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-phishing#lessons?ts=markdown) * [Building a Modern Security Stack Against Phishing](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-phishing#building?ts=markdown) * [Building Organizational Immunity](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-phishing#immunity?ts=markdown) * [Phishing FAQ](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-phishing#faqs?ts=markdown) * What Is a Rootkit? * [Rootkit Classification and Technical Definition](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#rootkit?ts=markdown) * [Types of Rootkits](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#types?ts=markdown) * [Rootkit Installation and Execution Flow](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#installation?ts=markdown) * [Integration in the Attack Lifecycle](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#integration?ts=markdown) * [Cyberattacks Involving Rootkits in the News](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#cyberattacks?ts=markdown) * [Rootkit Detection and Indicators](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#indicators?ts=markdown) * [Prevention and Mitigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#prevention?ts=markdown) * [Responding to Rootkit-Related Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#responding?ts=markdown) * [Rootkit FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#faqs?ts=markdown) * [Browser Cryptocurrency Mining](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/threat-brief-browser-cryptocurrency-mining?ts=markdown) * [How It Works](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/threat-brief-browser-cryptocurrency-mining#works?ts=markdown) * [How to Defend Against It](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/threat-brief-browser-cryptocurrency-mining#defend?ts=markdown) * [Browser Cryptocurrency Mining FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/threat-brief-browser-cryptocurrency-mining#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Pretexting?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pretexting?ts=markdown) * [Pretexting Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pretexting#pretexting?ts=markdown) * [Evolution of the Attack Technique](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pretexting#evolution?ts=markdown) * [How Pretexting Works](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pretexting#how?ts=markdown) * [Integration in the Attack Lifecycle](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pretexting#integration?ts=markdown) * [Real-World Examples](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pretexting#examples?ts=markdown) * [Pretexting Detection Tactics in Live Environments](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pretexting#detection?ts=markdown) * [Prevention and Mitigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pretexting#mitigation?ts=markdown) * [Pretexting FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pretexting#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Cryptojacking?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cryptojacking?ts=markdown) * [Understanding Cryptojacking](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cryptojacking#understanding?ts=markdown) * [Types of Cryptojacking and Resource Abuse Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cryptojacking#types?ts=markdown) * [How Cryptojacking Works](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cryptojacking#how?ts=markdown) * [Cryptojacking in the Adversary Kill Chain](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cryptojacking#chain?ts=markdown) * [Real-World Cases of Cryptojacking](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cryptojacking#cases?ts=markdown) * [Prevention and Mitigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cryptojacking#prevention?ts=markdown) * [Response and Recovery](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cryptojacking#response?ts=markdown) * [Cryptojacking FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cryptojacking#faqs?ts=markdown) # What Is a Rootkit? 5 min. read Table of Contents * * [Rootkit Classification and Technical Definition](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#rootkit?ts=markdown) * [Types of Rootkits](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#types?ts=markdown) * [Rootkit Installation and Execution Flow](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#installation?ts=markdown) * [Integration in the Attack Lifecycle](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#integration?ts=markdown) * [Cyberattacks Involving Rootkits in the News](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#cyberattacks?ts=markdown) * [Rootkit Detection and Indicators](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#indicators?ts=markdown) * [Prevention and Mitigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#prevention?ts=markdown) * [Responding to Rootkit-Related Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#responding?ts=markdown) * [Rootkit FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#faqs?ts=markdown) 1. Rootkit Classification and Technical Definition * * [Rootkit Classification and Technical Definition](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#rootkit?ts=markdown) * [Types of Rootkits](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#types?ts=markdown) * [Rootkit Installation and Execution Flow](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#installation?ts=markdown) * [Integration in the Attack Lifecycle](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#integration?ts=markdown) * [Cyberattacks Involving Rootkits in the News](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#cyberattacks?ts=markdown) * [Rootkit Detection and Indicators](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#indicators?ts=markdown) * [Prevention and Mitigation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#prevention?ts=markdown) * [Responding to Rootkit-Related Attacks](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#responding?ts=markdown) * [Rootkit FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/rootkit#faqs?ts=markdown) A rootkit is a stealthy type of malicious software designed to hide its presence and maintain privileged access on a compromised system. It manipulates core operating system components to evade detection, enabling persistent control, [data exfiltration](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/data-exfiltration?ts=markdown), or staging of further attacks. Rootkits often support advanced threats by disabling logging, hiding files, and masking network activity. ## Rootkit Classification and Technical Definition Rootkit is not a standalone threat vector, as it isn't used to initiate a [cyber attack](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-cyber-attack?ts=markdown). On the contrary, it's a type of post-exploitation [malware](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-malware?ts=markdown) designed to provide long-term, stealthy access to a compromised system. Attackers use a rootkit to support persistence, privilege escalation, and surveillance. Rootkits manipulate core components of the operating system --- such as kernel modules, bootloaders, or firmware --- to hide files, processes, and network connections from traditional detection tools. In the [MITRE ATT\&CK framework](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-mitre-attack?ts=markdown), rootkit activity aligns with techniques like T1542.003 (Bootkit) and T1014 (Rootkit) under the Defense Evasion tactic. Rootkits often serve as a support layer for techniques like T1055 (Process Injection) or T1053 (Scheduled Task/Job) to maintain persistence. ### Related Terminology Synonymous or related terms include bootkit, kernel-mode malware, firmware implant, and hypervisor rootkit. While sometimes used interchangeably, these terms represent variants based on where the rootkit resides: user space, kernel space, boot sector, or hardware abstraction layers. ### Evolution of Rootkits The earliest rootkits emerged in Unix environments during the early 1990s, focused on modifying system binaries like ps and netstat to mask malicious activity. As detection techniques improved, rootkits evolved to intercept system calls directly within the kernel. More recent forms include UEFI rootkits that survive OS reinstalls and [cloud-native](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-cloud-native?ts=markdown) rootkits that target [container orchestration](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-container-orchestration?ts=markdown) layers. In the modern cloud and hybrid infrastructure landscape, rootkits now extend to container runtime layers, virtual machines, and serverless function monitors. They're harder to detect due to the shift toward ephemeral workloads and distributed [microservices](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-are-microservices?ts=markdown) architecture, where traditional [endpoint](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-endpoint?ts=markdown) defenses lose visibility. ## Types of Rootkits Rootkits span a hierarchy of control, from user-mode code injection to hypervisor-level subversion. Each type offers a unique blend of stealth, complexity, and persistence, depending on the attacker's access level and operational goals. ### User-Mode Rootkits User-mode rootkits operate within standard process space and hook system APIs, often by replacing dynamic link libraries (DLLs) or injecting malicious code into legitimate services. These rootkits modify behaviors like file enumeration or process listing, allowing attackers to conceal malware without altering the OS kernel. They're easier to deploy but more detectable by [EDR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-endpoint-detection-and-response-edr?ts=markdown) tools. ### Kernel-Mode Rootkits Kernel rootkits hook or patch system calls at the OS kernel level, offering attackers unrestricted access to hardware, drivers, and security controls. By modifying kernel modules, they can hide files, sockets, and processes from both users and defensive software. They require elevated privileges to install and are more stable on Unix-like systems than on Windows due to tighter driver verification. ### Bootkits Bootkits infect the bootloader (e.g., GRUB, Windows Boot Manager) to compromise the OS at startup. They execute before the OS kernel loads, allowing them to install additional payloads or patch kernel memory dynamically. Bootkits survive OS reinstallations unless firmware is rewritten or disks are wiped clean. ### Firmware Rootkits Firmware rootkits infect components like BIOS, UEFI, or even embedded device firmware (NICs, drives, etc.). Because they reside outside the OS, they're invisible to endpoint agents and persist across reboots and full disk replacements. Recovery often requires hardware reflashing. Some advanced UEFI rootkits have been linked to state-backed espionage groups. ### Hypervisor Rootkits (Virtual Machine-Based Rootkits) Hypervisor rootkits, such as SubVirt or Blue Pill, exploit hardware virtualization to run the target OS inside a virtualized layer controlled by the attacker. The host OS appears normal, but all activity is monitored and modifiable by the rootkit. These are extremely stealthy and difficult to detect from inside the guest. ### Library Rootkits Library rootkits replace or hijack shared system libraries to alter program behavior. They may tamper with libc (on Linux) or Windows system DLLs to filter outputs, mask files, or redirect syscalls. They're usually easier to detect via integrity checking but often evade real-time monitoring. ### Cloud and Container Rootkits In cloud-native environments, attackers may embed user-mode rootkit functions into [containerized](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/containerization?ts=markdown) apps, sidecars, or shared images. Some rootkits use [Kubernetes](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-kubernetes?ts=markdown) daemonsets or tampered init containers to achieve persistence across pods. They may exploit permissive [IAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-identity-and-access-management?ts=markdown) roles to evade security boundaries and obfuscate mining, data exfiltration, or [lateral movement](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement?ts=markdown). ### Firmware-Level Persistence Frameworks Toolkits like LoJax or MoonBounce represent advanced rootkit deployments that persist in the UEFI/BIOS, load early-stage payloads, and reestablish malware even after OS remediation. These frameworks often include encrypted payloads, obfuscation layers, and [C2](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/command-and-control-explained?ts=markdown) resilience. Each rootkit type represents a step further from visibility and control, shifting detection efforts from endpoint processes toward firmware integrity, boot-chain validation, and hypervisor-level telemetry. Effective defense requires a combination of endpoint monitoring, boot-time integrity checks, hardware attestation, and supply chain validation. ## Rootkit Installation and Execution Flow Rootkits require an initial compromise to gain execution privileges, typically through [phishing](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-phishing?ts=markdown), software vulnerabilities, or privilege escalation exploits. Once the attacker obtains access, they deploy the rootkit to embed persistent, stealthy control over the system. On Windows, a kernel-mode rootkit may hook system calls in the SSDT (System Service Descriptor Table) or modify kernel modules. On Linux, rootkits like Reptile or Adore-NG load malicious kernel modules that override default functions like readdir() to hide files and directories. In both cases, the attacker alters the OS's core behavior, ensuring their presence remains hidden from users and security tools. Firmware rootkits --- such as those targeting UEFI or BIOS --- write malicious code directly into firmware volumes. These rootkits survive OS reinstallation and often deploy new payloads at boot time. Hypervisor rootkits manipulate virtualization layers, allowing attackers to intercept or spoof OS-level instructions without the guest OS detecting anything abnormal. ### Infrastructure Targeted Attackers choose the rootkit variant based on the target environment. In traditional infrastructure, kernel and firmware rootkits dominate. In cloud-native environments, attackers favor user-mode rootkits embedded in container runtimes or daemon processes. Public reports have highlighted the use of rootkits in [container](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-container?ts=markdown) escape exploits, targeting Kubernetes nodes with elevated privileges to mask malicious containers. Some rootkits exploit weaknesses in the software supply chain. Attackers inject malicious drivers or modules into legitimate software updates or open-source libraries. Once installed, these components behave normally while concealing unauthorized operations --- such as hidden network listeners or reverse shells. ### Tooling and Deployment Methods Attackers often rely on custom droppers to load rootkits, but public tools like Azazel, Diamorphine, Rootkit Hunter (rkhunter) (for detection), and Suterusu (for process hiding) are well-known. Toolkits like Cobalt Strike, Metasploit, and PowerSploit may stage rootkit deployment in post-exploitation workflows. For cloud targets, attackers script deployments using compromised [CI/CD pipelines](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security?ts=markdown), embedding rootkits in system startup scripts, containers, or AMI images. Some inject mining payloads into base images while using rootkit functionality to mask CPU spikes. Rootkits don't exfiltrate data. Rather, they enable long-term control, evasion, and persistence, which makes them central to multistage intrusions like espionage, [ransomware](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ransomware?ts=markdown) staging, or [cryptojacking](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/cryptojacking?ts=markdown) operations. ## Integration in the Attack Lifecycle As post-exploitation tools, rootkits enable deeper system control. Cybercriminals deploy rootkits after gaining access --- typically through phishing, software exploits, or credential abuse --- to maintain control while remaining invisible to defenders. ### Position in the Kill Chain Rootkits are rarely involved in initial access. Instead, they appear after privilege escalation, where an attacker has obtained administrative or kernel-level access. Once installed, the rootkit cloaks malicious processes, tampered files, network traffic, or registry entries, allowing for long-term persistence. In campaigns involving espionage, cryptojacking, or data exfiltration, rootkits support lateral movement by hiding C2 tools, tunneling utilities, and credential dumpers. In ransomware operations, they delay detection and block defensive tooling until encryption executes. ### Dependencies and Prerequisites Rootkit deployment requires high privileges. That's why most rootkits are paired with: * Kernel exploits (e.g., CVE-2022-0847 in Linux "Dirty Pipe") * Bootloader manipulation (for bootkits) * Firmware flashing (for UEFI/BIOS-level rootkits) * Misconfigured hypervisors (for VM-based rootkits) * Trusted software abuse (e.g., signed drivers or system daemons) Attackers may also exploit legitimate driver frameworks or load unsigned kernel modules to introduce malicious code. Prevalent tactics include sideloading DLLs, manipulating LKM (Loadable Kernel Modules), or exploiting vulnerable third-party monitoring agents. ### Role in Adversary Workflows In [advanced persistent threat (APT)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-advanced-persistent-threat-apt?ts=markdown) campaigns, rootkits typically support the persistence and obfuscation phases. For instance, state-sponsored actors have used UEFI rootkits (LoJax, CosmicStrand) to re-infect systems after OS reinstalls. Criminal groups use kernel-mode rootkits to mask data theft tooling or hide cryptominers in virtual machines. Rootkits also interact tightly with credential theft techniques. They may suppress logs, intercept authentication tokens, or hide memory dumps containing credentials. By maintaining stealth, rootkits buy attackers the dwell time needed for full compromise or monetization. ### Rootkits as Attack Enablers * **Credential access**: Suppresses monitoring tools while password scrapers operate. * **Data staging** : Conceals large outbound transfers, often in the context of [insider threat](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insider-threat?ts=markdown) or espionage. * **Lateral movement**: Hides PsExec or RDP-related activities on pivot hosts. * **Defense evasion**: Subverts EDR agents, logging services, and system watchdogs. ### Integration with Other Threats Rootkits often work in tandem with: * **Wipers**: Mask destructive behavior during staging (e.g., HermeticWiper with bootkits). * **Cryptojacking**: Throttle visibility of mining processes, especially in cloud VMs. * **Loader frameworks**: Serve as persistent loaders for RATs, infostealers, or ransomware droppers. Embedded into multistage attack chains, rootkits leverage their invisibility to reduce detection and extend campaign longevity. Effective detection demands not just endpoint monitoring, but boot integrity, memory forensics, and behavior analytics at the system and hypervisor levels. ## Cyberattacks Involving Rootkits in the News Real-world examples of rootkit-based intrusions illustrate the range of threat actors, targets, and consequences --- ranging from espionage and credential theft to ransomware staging and supply chain manipulation. ### RESURGE Malware Exploiting Ivanti Connect Secure Appliances In March 2025, the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) reported that the RESURGE malware was actively exploited in the wild, targeting a vulnerability in Ivanti Connect Secure appliances (CVE-2025-0282). The malware incorporated rootkit capabilities, enabling it to survive reboots and maintain persistent access, alongside functionalities of a dropper, backdoor, bootkit, proxy, and tunneler. The attacks were attributed to Chinese nation-state hackers. ### Lazarus Group Exploiting Windows Zero-Day with FudModule Rootkit In early 2024, the North Korean Lazarus Group exploited a Windows Ancillary Function Driver for WinSock zero-day vulnerability (CVE-2024-38193) to deploy an enhanced version of their FudModule rootkit. The FudModule rootkit included capabilities to suspend protected processes of security software like Microsoft Defender and CrowdStrike Falcon, facilitating stealthy operations. The attacks were linked to campaigns targeting cryptocurrency professionals. ### Kinsing Malware Leveraging Apache ActiveMQ Vulnerability In November 2023, the Kinsing malware exploited a critical vulnerability (CVE-2023-46604) in Apache ActiveMQ to compromise Linux systems. The attackers deployed rootkits alongside cryptocurrency miners, disabling security features and deleting logs to maintain persistence and evade detection. The attacks were widespread, affecting numerous servers globally. ### CosmicStrand UEFI Rootkit In 2022, Kaspersky researchers uncovered CosmicStrand, a persistent UEFI firmware rootkit embedded in the motherboard firmware of consumer-grade PCs. Attributed to Chinese-speaking threat actors, CosmicStrand hijacked the Windows boot process before the OS or security tools loaded. It allowed attackers to implant additional payloads post-boot, enabling full access without writing to disk. Victims included organizations across China, Iran, Vietnam, and Russia, though many appeared to be targeted for espionage. The case highlights the extreme stealth and durability of firmware-based rootkits and their use in advanced, long-term surveillance operations. ### FiveSys Driver-Signed Rootkit Microsoft and Bitdefender reported a signed Windows rootkit known as FiveSys in 2021. Distributed via gaming cheat tools, it passed Windows Driver Signature Enforcement using a stolen certificate. FiveSys rerouted traffic through a custom proxy, enabling man-in-the-middle capabilities for data theft and C2 communication. Although it lacked persistence beyond reboot, its ability to bypass Microsoft's signing policy underscored the dangers of trust exploitation and certificate abuse. The rootkit remained undetected for months and circulated widely in Eastern Europe and Asia. ### TrickBot Rootkit Module: "TrickBoot" In 2020, Eclypsium and Advanced Intelligence identified TrickBoot, a module within the TrickBot malware framework that scanned for vulnerable firmware interfaces. While not a full rootkit on deployment, it enabled attackers to enumerate firmware-level write protections and identify targets for potential firmware tampering. TrickBoot marked an evolution in TrickBot's capabilities --- shifting from banking trojan to a modular toolkit with pre-UEFI manipulation potential. It indicated growing cybercriminal interest in rootkit-adjacent techniques traditionally seen in nation-state toolkits. ### Necurs Rootkit and Botnet Infrastructure Necurs operated for nearly eight years as one of the most pervasive spam [botnets](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet?ts=markdown), responsible for up to 90% of global email spam at its peak. At its core was a kernel-mode rootkit that intercepted file and registry queries, blocked AV updates, and concealed its services. The rootkit allowed Necurs to persist through reboots and reinfect systems after partial cleanup. Attackers frequently paired it with malware like GameOver Zeus and Locky ransomware. Microsoft and its partners dismantled the infrastructure in 2020, disrupting one of the longest-running rootkit-backed botnets in the wild. ## Rootkit Detection and Indicators Unlike most malware, rootkits' core function is to stay hidden --- often by modifying system-level behavior and concealing both their presence and that of other malicious components. Detecting them requires visibility below the surface of conventional logs and endpoint telemetry. ### Behavioral Red Flags in Rootkit Infections Rootkits often disable or tamper with native logging mechanisms. When expected audit trails disappear or fail to generate during known system events, this can signal the presence of a kernel-level or bootkit-class rootkit. Behavioral red flags include unexplained system slowdowns, persistent abnormal CPU usage, and kernel panics or crashes with no corresponding logs. On Windows, monitor for: * Hidden or unregistered drivers in kernel mode * Processes that vanish from tasklist or task manager but consume resources * Registry keys that return errors or inconsistent values when queried through different APIs On Linux and Unix systems: * Files that appear in raw disk dumps but not in directory listings * Processes that don't appear in ps but are visible in /proc * Unexpected entries in system call tables or signs of LD\_PRELOAD abuse ### Indicators of Compromise (IOCs) * **File hashes** : Rootkit installers or payloads often have consistent MD5/SHA-256 fingerprints. These can be fed into threat intelligence platforms or [EDR solutions](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-are-endpoint-detection-and-response-tools?ts=markdown) for correlation. * **Network anomalies**: Rootkits with C2 functionality may use uncommon ports, custom protocols, or domain generation algorithms to evade detection. * **Memory-resident artifacts**: Use forensic memory analysis tools to detect injected code, overwritten syscall tables, or anomalous kernel modules. * **Persistence indicators**: Modified GRUB entries, altered bootloader binaries, or changes to Windows boot configuration data (BCD) may indicate bootkits. ### SIEM and XDR Monitoring Recommendations SIEMs should flag inconsistencies in logs sourced from different layers (e.g., differences between file system activity seen in application logs vs. what the OS reports). Monitor for tampered drivers, unsigned kernel modules, and system boot sequence alterations. In [XDR platforms](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-extended-detection-response-XDR?ts=markdown), enable deep telemetry for: * Kernel module load events * Hooking or patching behavior on core system libraries * Drivers communicating with user-space processes in uncharacteristic ways Advanced XDR deployments should correlate raw disk activity with process lineage and flag deviations from baseline kernel behavior. Be alert to processes spawning from non-standard directories or communicating with external IPs from a signed but suspicious driver. Detection isn't guaranteed. Rootkits, by design, defeat traditional visibility. Detection success hinges on integrating low-level system auditing, memory analysis, and behavioral correlation rather than relying solely on signature-based methods. For effective detection, extend monitoring into early boot stages and kernel execution, and continuously validate the integrity of system-critical binaries. Rootkit discovery rarely comes from a single alert --- it emerges from piecing together silent failures and data inconsistencies that point to deeper tampering. ### Memory Forensics: The Last Line of Rootkit Detection When rootkits bypass disk-based indicators and evade runtime telemetry, memory analysis becomes essential. Volatile memory holds the manipulated kernel objects, injected code, and rogue handles that file- or log-based tools miss. Analysts use tools to acquire snapshots and run plugins that scan for discrepancies in EPROCESS lists, DKOM artifacts, or unlinked drivers. Memory analysis doesn't just identify the presence of malicious code --- it also validates the integrity of the kernel. For instance, comparing syscall tables in memory against expected system images reveals overwritten handlers. Similarly, enumeration of loaded kernel modules via memory traversal can uncover rootkits that unlink themselves from traditional enumeration APIs. In environments with APTs, memory acquisition should be routine during incident triage. Correlating memory findings with XDR or SIEM outputs helps distinguish between legitimate but stealthy behavior (e.g., signed drivers with custom hooks) and genuine subversion. While high-effort, memory forensics delivers unique visibility into the systems rootkits target by design. ## Prevention and Mitigation Rootkits are designed to outlast standard detection and remediation. Effective prevention starts at the architectural level and extends through endpoint hardening and policy design. No single control is sufficient. Resilience requires overlapping layers that address execution, persistence, and visibility gaps. ### Reduce the Attack Surface at the Kernel and Boot Layers Disallow unsigned kernel modules and enforce secure boot policies to prevent unauthorized code from running in early system stages. On Windows systems, enable Driver Signature Enforcement. In Linux environments, disable dynamic kernel module loading where practical. Harden bootloaders and restrict access to recovery partitions. ### Harden Endpoint Defenses with Integrity and Control Mechanisms Deploy endpoint protection that includes kernel-level monitoring. Use file integrity monitoring (FIM) to baseline and track changes in sensitive system directories and boot records. Block direct memory access (DMA) from untrusted devices to prevent low-level injection. Limit administrator privileges and enforce just-in-time elevation for critical operations. ### Implement Segmentation and Access Control Apply network segmentation to isolate endpoints from critical infrastructure. Use [microsegmentation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-microsegmentation?ts=markdown) in data center and cloud environments to limit lateral movement. Enforce least privilege across all identity and access management layers, with MFA on privileged accounts and service management consoles. ### Monitor for Persistence Indicators and Behavioral Drift Rootkits often establish long-term footholds. Monitor for signs of unauthorized persistence, such as unexpected services, scheduled tasks, or altered startup configurations. Profile normal system and kernel behavior to detect outliers in syscall frequency, CPU usage, and low-level logging changes. ### Control Third-Party Software and Supply Chain Risk Block unauthorized software installation via application allowlisting. Regularly audit drivers, kernel modules, and low-level packages, especially those from less-vetted vendors. In developer environments, scan build pipelines for potential rootkit loaders injected during compilation or packaging. ### What Doesn't Work Signature-only antivirus is insufficient. Rootkits evade detection by intercepting the very functions those tools rely on. Simply reinstalling the OS may not help if firmware or bootloaders are compromised. Endpoint detection that excludes kernel or memory-space inspection will consistently miss rootkit behavior. Rootkit prevention demands security teams think beneath the surface, deep into the code that governs visibility. Without a hardened foundation, no control further up the stack can be trusted to report the truth. ## Responding to Rootkit-Related Attacks Once embedded, rootkits corrupt the very mechanisms relied on to detect and remove them. A tailored [incident response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-incident-response?ts=markdown) strategy with an emphasis on containment and reestablishing system trust is vital. ### Immediate Containment Immediately isolate affected systems from the network to prevent lateral movement or further compromise. Suspend operations on suspected endpoints, but do not power them down unless memory capture is impossible. Volatile artifacts may reside in RAM or kernel-space processes that disappear upon shutdown. Preserve forensic integrity by collecting full disk images, memory snapshots, and system logs from the suspected systems. Avoid standard cleanup procedures until rootkit presence is confirmed and forensic evidence secured. ### Rebuild Trust from the Ground Up Don't assume successful disinfection. Rootkits operate below the visibility of standard tools and may subvert file system, logging, and monitoring operations. Perform bare-metal recovery using known-good, cryptographically verified installation media. Reflash BIOS or UEFI firmware if tampering is suspected. In cloud environments, terminate and rebuild affected instances from trusted golden images. Avoid snapshot reuse unless full image integrity has been independently verified. ### Internal Communication and Containment Expansion Inform the incident response team, IT leadership, and internal security operations. Begin lateral scoping by examining peer systems, shared service accounts, and remote access tooling. Rootkits may coexist with credential theft or command-and-control infrastructure that signals broader compromise. Communicate with affected business units, especially if critical systems or endpoints require extended downtime for secure remediation. ### Post-Incident Analysis and Reinforcement Conduct a full root cause analysis to determine how the rootkit was introduced. Common vectors include infected drivers, malicious USB devices, compromised build artifacts, or downstream malware loaders. Update EDR/XDR signatures, kernel integrity baselines, and access controls based on findings. Validate that FIM, UEFI/TPM attestation, and secure boot configurations are now enforced. Consider engaging an external IR firm for cases involving nation-state-level tradecraft, UEFI compromise, or when multiple systems exhibit symptoms inconsistent with user-space malware alone. ## Rootkit FAQs ### What is rootkit evasion strategy? Evasion strategies used by rootkits include API hooking, encryption, code obfuscation, polymorphism, and exploiting trusted system binaries (TTPs). Some rootkits disable logging or redirect system calls to conceal activity from forensic tools. ### What is rootkit detection via memory forensics? Memory forensics involves capturing and analyzing system RAM to identify hidden kernel hooks, DKOM anomalies, or injected drivers. Tools like Volatility or Rekall compare memory artifacts against known clean baselines to reveal stealth rootkit operations. ### What is Direct Kernel Object Manipulation (DKOM)? Direct Kernel Object Manipulation (DKOM) is a stealth technique used by rootkits and advanced malware to alter kernel-level data structures directly in memory. Rather than using standard APIs or system calls, DKOM modifies objects like EPROCESS blocks, token privileges, or driver listings to hide processes, escalate privileges, or mask loaded modules. Because DKOM changes kernel memory without leaving traces in logs or system registries, it bypasses many endpoint protection and signature-based tools. Detection typically requires low-level memory forensics and consistency checks against expected kernel states. Related Content [Access Incident Insights Discover the latest threat actor tactics and get real-world insights and expert recommendations to safeguard your organization better.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/research/unit-42-incident-response-report?ts=markdown) [IDC 2025 MarketScape Leader for Worldwide IR Services. 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