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[What Is a Circuit Level Gateway? \[+ How It Works \& Examples\]](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-circuit-level-gateway?ts=markdown) Table of contents * [How does a circuit level gateway work?](#how-does-a-circuit-level-gateway-work) * [How did circuit level gateways shape the evolution of firewalls?](#how-did-circuit-level-gateways-shape-the-evolution-of-firewalls) * [What are the strengths and limitations of circuit level gateways?](#what-are-the-strengths-and-limitations-of-circuit-level-gateways) * [Where circuit level gateways persist today](#where-circuit-level-gateways-persist-today) * [Circuit level gateway FAQs](#circuit-level-gateway-faqs) # What Is a Circuit Level Gateway? \[+ How It Works \& Examples\] 4 min. read Table of contents * [How does a circuit level gateway work?](#how-does-a-circuit-level-gateway-work) * [How did circuit level gateways shape the evolution of firewalls?](#how-did-circuit-level-gateways-shape-the-evolution-of-firewalls) * [What are the strengths and limitations of circuit level gateways?](#what-are-the-strengths-and-limitations-of-circuit-level-gateways) * [Where circuit level gateways persist today](#where-circuit-level-gateways-persist-today) * [Circuit level gateway FAQs](#circuit-level-gateway-faqs) 1. How does a circuit level gateway work? * [1. How does a circuit level gateway work?](#how-does-a-circuit-level-gateway-work) * [2. How did circuit level gateways shape the evolution of firewalls?](#how-did-circuit-level-gateways-shape-the-evolution-of-firewalls) * [3. What are the strengths and limitations of circuit level gateways?](#what-are-the-strengths-and-limitations-of-circuit-level-gateways) * [4. Where circuit level gateways persist today](#where-circuit-level-gateways-persist-today) * [5. Circuit level gateway FAQs](#circuit-level-gateway-faqs) ![What Is a Circuit Level Gateway?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/what-is-a-circuit-level-gateway-video-thumbnail.png) close A circuit level gateway is a firewall that monitors and validates network sessions at the session layer of the OSI model. It establishes two separate TCP or UDP connections---one with the internal host and one with the external host---and relays packets only for approved sessions. It does not inspect packet contents but ensures that each connection follows the required handshake and security rules before data transfer occurs. ## How does a circuit level gateway work? A circuit level gateway works at Layer 5, the session layer of the OSI model. Its job is to make sure that a network session is legitimate before data starts flowing. In other words, it validates the connection itself, not the information being exchanged. A circuit level gateway can manage both TCP and UDP sessions, verifying that each connection follows the correct handshake or session initiation process. Here's how it happens. ![Architecture diagram titled 'Circuit-level gateway' showing an outside host on the left and an inside host on the right. Each host is represented by a blue computer icon with dashed arrows pointing toward a central rectangular gateway labeled 'Circuit-level gateway'. Inside the gateway are three pairs of circular nodes labeled 'OUT' on the left and 'IN' on the right, connected by dashed lines representing session flow. Between the nodes is a smaller box labeled 'Virtual circuit'. A note to the right reads '\*Operates at the session layer (layer 5)'. Text below the gateway reads 'Two separate TCP/UDP connections (internal and external)'.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/what-is-a-circuit-level-gateway/circuit-level-gateway.png "Architecture diagram titled 'Circuit-level gateway' showing an outside host on the left and an inside host on the right. Each host is represented by a blue computer icon with dashed arrows pointing toward a central rectangular gateway labeled 'Circuit-level gateway'. Inside the gateway are three pairs of circular nodes labeled 'OUT' on the left and 'IN' on the right, connected by dashed lines representing session flow. Between the nodes is a smaller box labeled 'Virtual circuit'. A note to the right reads '*Operates at the session layer (layer 5)'. Text below the gateway reads 'Two separate TCP/UDP connections (internal and external)'.") When a user on an internal network tries to connect to an external host, the gateway steps in. It doesn't allow a direct link. Instead, it creates two separate TCP connections: one between the internal system and the gateway, and another between the gateway and the external host. Why? Because this setup gives the gateway control over both sides of the conversation. It acts as a middle point that mirrors the TCP handshake on each side. Once both handshakes succeed, the gateway considers the session trusted. At that point, it creates what's called a virtual circuit. This is a temporary, logical connection used to move data between the two hosts through the gateway. The gateway keeps a table of active sessions with details like source and destination IP addresses, port numbers, and session state. Which means: It knows which sessions are open, which have ended, and which are legitimate. Once a session is approved, traffic moves through transparently. The gateway doesn't look inside the packets or analyze content. It simply forwards data as long as the session remains valid. And that's the limitation. Circuit-level gateways enforce handshake legitimacy but can't detect malicious payloads or application-level attacks hidden within the session. | ***Further reading:** [What Does a Firewall Do? | How Firewalls Work](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-does-a-firewall-do)* ## How did circuit level gateways shape the evolution of firewalls? Circuit level gateways marked the first real step "up the stack" in [firewall](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-firewall) design. Before them, firewalls worked only at the network and transport layers, [filtering packets](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-packet-filtering-firewall) based on IP addresses and ports. Circuit-level gateways changed that. This [type of firewall](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/types-of-firewalls) added awareness of the session layer, which meant they could understand when a connection---TCP or UDP---was being established, maintained, or closed. ![Architecture diagram titled 'Evolution of firewall intelligence' showing three numbered stages arranged diagonally from lower left to upper right. The first stage, labeled '1. Packet-filtering firewall (layer 3/4)', is shown with an orange firewall icon and text noting 'IP addresses, ports' and 'Filters traffic using static rules'. A dotted line leads upward to the second stage labeled '2. Circuit-level gateway (layer 5)', displayed with a blue computer icon and text reading 'TCP/UDP sessions' and 'Validates sessions through handshake tracking'. Another dotted line leads upward to the third stage labeled '3. Stateful / next-generation firewall (layer 7)', depicted with a blue security shield icon and text noting 'Deep packet inspection, applications' and 'Combines session validation with content and application awareness'.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/what-is-a-circuit-level-gateway/Evolution-of-firewall-intelligence.png "Architecture diagram titled 'Evolution of firewall intelligence' showing three numbered stages arranged diagonally from lower left to upper right. The first stage, labeled '1. Packet-filtering firewall (layer 3/4)', is shown with an orange firewall icon and text noting 'IP addresses, ports' and 'Filters traffic using static rules'. A dotted line leads upward to the second stage labeled '2. Circuit-level gateway (layer 5)', displayed with a blue computer icon and text reading 'TCP/UDP sessions' and 'Validates sessions through handshake tracking'. Another dotted line leads upward to the third stage labeled '3. Stateful / next-generation firewall (layer 7)', depicted with a blue security shield icon and text noting 'Deep packet inspection, applications' and 'Combines session validation with content and application awareness'.") Here's why that mattered. By tracking handshakes and session state, these gateways introduced the idea that network traffic could be validated at a higher level than packet headers alone. So it was the first time firewalls could make decisions based on connection behavior rather than just static rules. That concept directly influenced stateful inspection. Stateful firewalls built on the same logic---recording session details---but expanded it to include packet context and limited application awareness. Next-generation firewalls took that even further by adding deep packet inspection and integrating multiple [network security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-network-security) functions into one platform. Essentially: Circuit-level gateways were the bridge between simple packet filters and the intelligent, multi-layer firewalls used today. They proved that tracking session state was possible---and essential---for securing modern networks. | ***Further reading:*** * [*The History of Firewalls | Who Invented the Firewall?*](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/history-of-firewalls) * [*What Is a Stateful Firewall? | Stateful Inspection Firewalls Explained*](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-stateful-firewall) * [*What Is a Next-Generation Firewall (NGFW)? A Complete Guide*](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-next-generation-firewall-ngfw) ## What are the strengths and limitations of circuit level gateways? Circuit-level gateways offered a balance between performance and basic security. They worked efficiently at the session layer, handling fewer data details than deeper inspection firewalls. Because of that, they introduced almost no noticeable latency. Another advantage was anonymity. Internal host addresses were never exposed to external systems because the gateway relayed sessions on their behalf. This made internal networks harder to profile. They were also simple to configure and maintain, since they relied on predefined rules for session validation rather than complex traffic policies. However: that simplicity came at a cost. | Strengths and limitations of circuit-level gateways | |-----------------------------------------------------| | Strengths | Limitations | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------| | High performance with minimal latency due to limited data inspection. | Cannot inspect payloads or detect application-level threats. | | Hides internal network details by relaying sessions on behalf of hosts. | Blind to malicious content or commands within legitimate sessions. | | Simple to configure and maintain using predefined session rules. | Offers limited policy control and coarse-grained traffic filtering. | | Efficient for validating TCP and UDP session integrity. | Lacks visibility into applications and user-level activity. | Circuit-level gateways could not inspect the data payload inside packets. They were blind to application-level threats, malicious commands, or [data exfiltration](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/data-exfiltration) hidden in legitimate sessions. Plus, their policies were coarse-grained and offered minimal control over specific applications or behaviors. In short: the trade-offs that made them efficient also made them limited. And that helped pave the way for more advanced, content-aware firewall architectures. | ***Further reading:** [What Makes a Strong Firewall?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-makes-a-strong-firewall)* ## Where circuit level gateways persist today Circuit-level gateways are no longer used as standalone devices, but their underlying logic remains active in modern systems. The same session-based validation model still shapes how many security tools manage traffic today. So the idea survived even as the original technology faded. For example, the SOCKS proxy protocol operates almost identically to a circuit level gateway. It sets up two TCP connections and relays packets only for approved sessions. The same principle also appears in tunneling protocols that use virtual circuits to securely pass data between networks or services. Modern firewalls and cloud security platforms still rely on this model. In next-generation firewalls, session validation tracks active connections before deeper inspection begins. In cloud and container environments, sidecar proxies in microservice architectures use similar session-based logic to control service-to-service communication. Even threat actors use it. Attackers often deploy SOCKS tunnels to hide [command-and-control](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/command-and-control-explained) traffic within trusted connections. Ultimately, circuit level logic persists everywhere. It's simply evolved from a product into a core function of secure network design. | ***Further reading:** [What Are the Top Firewall Features? | Traditional \& NGFWs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/top-firewall-features)* ![Icon of an ebook](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/crqcs-cryptographically-relevant-quantum-computers/icon-ebook.svg) Stay ahead of attacks Read the *Unit 42 2025 Incident Response Report* to understand today's top threats and prepare your defenses before they strike. --- [Download report](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/research/unit-42-incident-response-report) ## Circuit level gateway FAQs ### What is a circuit level gateway? A circuit level gateway is a firewall that operates at the session layer (Layer 5) to verify the legitimacy of TCP or UDP sessions. It establishes two separate connections---internal and external---and forwards traffic only for approved sessions without inspecting packet contents. ### What is the difference between an application-level gateway and a circuit level gateway? An application-level gateway inspects data at the application layer (Layer 7), understanding specific protocols like HTTP or FTP. A circuit level gateway works at the session layer (Layer 5), validating connection handshakes and session state without analyzing the application data itself. ### Is SOCKS a circuit level gateway? Yes. The SOCKS protocol (RFC 1928) is a modern implementation of circuit level gateway behavior. It creates two TCP connections, validates sessions, and relays packets through a proxy server without examining application data. ### What do circuit level gateways establish connections based on? They establish connections based on session validity. The gateway checks TCP or UDP handshakes, verifies session rules, and allows traffic only after a legitimate connection is established between trusted and untrusted networks. ### What are the two types of gateways? In network security, gateways are typically categorized as circuit level gateways and application-level gateways. Each operates at a different OSI layer and enforces distinct levels of traffic validation and inspection. ### What are the disadvantages of a circuit level gateway firewall? Circuit-level gateways cannot inspect packet payloads or detect application-level threats. They offer limited policy control, minimal logging detail, and reduced protection against malicious content embedded in legitimate sessions. ### What is the main purpose of a gateway? A gateway connects networks that use different protocols or trust levels. In security contexts, its purpose is to control and monitor traffic between them according to defined security policies. Related content [White paper: Your Hybrid Infrastructure is Under Attack Discover best practices for securing distributed, interconnected hybrid cloud environments.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/whitepapers/your-hybrid-infrastructure-is-under-attack?ts=markdown) [Podcast: Threat Vector | Why Security Platformization Is the Future of Cyber Resilience Hear about the evolving role of enterprise firewalls as security platformization becomes the norm.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/podcasts/threat-vector-why-security-platformization-is-the-future-of-cyber-resilience) [Podcast: Packet Pushers | Modernizing Your Secure Web Gateway For A Distributed Workforce Hear about challenges and innovations in Prisma Access Cloud SWGs, including agent-based proxy capabilities.](https://packetpushers.net/podcasts/tech-bytes/TB-modernizing-your-secure-web-gateway-for-a-distributed-workforce-sponsored/) [Checklist: 42 Tips to Build a Resilient Cybersecurity Program Find out everything you need to know to stop adversaries from targeting cloud environments.](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/incident-response-42-tips-checklist-unit42) ![Share page on facebook](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/resources/facebook-circular-icon.svg) ![Share page on linkedin](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/resources/linkedin-circular-icon.svg) [![Share page by an email](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/resources/email-circular-icon.svg)](mailto:?subject=What%20Is%20a%20Circuit%20Level%20Gateway%3F%20%5B%2B%20How%20It%20Works%20%26%20Examples%5D&body=A%20circuit%20level%20gateway%20is%20a%20firewall%20that%20monitors%20and%20validates%20network%20sessions%20at%20the%20session%20layer%20of%20the%20OSI%20model.%20at%20https%3A//www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-circuit-level-gateway) Back to Top {#footer} ## 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