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Platform](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-security/prisma-airs?ts=markdown) * [AI Gateway](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-security/ai-gateway?ts=markdown) * [AI Model Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-security/ai-model-security?ts=markdown) * [AI Red Teaming](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-security/ai-red-teaming?ts=markdown) * [AI Runtime Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-security/ai-runtime-security?ts=markdown) * [Agent Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-security/agent-security?ts=markdown) * [AI Posture Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/prisma/cloud/ai-spm?ts=markdown) Secure GenAI Tools * [Prisma Browser](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/prisma-browser?ts=markdown) [![Network Security logo](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/logos/nav/strata-logo-nav.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security?ts=markdown) [Secure the Network](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/next-generation-firewall?ts=markdown) * [Hardware Firewalls](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/hardware-firewall-innovations?ts=markdown) * [Software Firewalls](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/software-firewalls?ts=markdown) * [Strata Cloud Manager](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/strata-cloud-manager?ts=markdown) * [OT / Industrial Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/ot-security-solution?ts=markdown) * [Device \& IoT Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/device-security?ts=markdown) * [5G Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/5g-security?ts=markdown) * [Managed Firewalls - Azure](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/cloud-ngfw-for-azure?ts=markdown) * [Managed Firewalls - AWS](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/cloud-ngfw?ts=markdown) [Cloud-Delivered Security Services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/security-subscriptions?ts=markdown) * [Advanced Threat Prevention](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-threat-prevention?ts=markdown) * [Advanced URL Filtering](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-url-filtering?ts=markdown) * [Advanced WildFire](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-wildfire?ts=markdown) * [Advanced DNS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-dns-security?ts=markdown) * [Advanced IP Defense](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-ip-defense?ts=markdown) * [Quantum Safe Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/quantum-safe-security?ts=markdown) * [Next-Gen Trust Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/next-gen-trust-security?ts=markdown) [![SASE logo](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/logos/nav/prisma-sase-logo-nav.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase?ts=markdown) [Secure Access (SASE)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase?ts=markdown) * [Prisma Access (ZTNA)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/access?ts=markdown) * [SD-WAN](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/sd-wan?ts=markdown) * [Prisma Browser](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/prisma-browser?ts=markdown) * [SaaS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/saas-security?ts=markdown) * [Enterprise DLP](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/enterprise-data-loss-prevention?ts=markdown) [![Security Operations logo](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/logos/nav/cortex-logo-nav.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex?ts=markdown) [Security Operations](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex?ts=markdown) * [AI-Driven SOC](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xsiam?ts=markdown) * [Extended Detection \& Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xdr?ts=markdown) * [Security Orchestration \& Automation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xsoar?ts=markdown) * [Attack Surface Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xpanse?ts=markdown) * [Exposure Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/exposure-management?ts=markdown) * [Email Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/advanced-email-security?ts=markdown) * [Threat Intelligence Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/threat-intel-management?ts=markdown) * [Agentic-first Automation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/agentix?ts=markdown) * [Identity Threat Detection and Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/itdr?ts=markdown) [Endpoint Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/endpoint-protection?ts=markdown) * [Endpoint Protection](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/endpoint-protection?ts=markdown) * [Agentic Endpoint Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/agentic-endpoint-security?ts=markdown) * [Ransomware Protection](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/ransomware-protection?ts=markdown) * [Digital Forensics](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/digital-forensics?ts=markdown) [Data Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/data-security?ts=markdown) [![Cloud Security logo](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/logos/nav/cortex-cloud-logo-nav.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud?ts=markdown) [Application Security Overview](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/application-security?ts=markdown) * [Application Security Posture Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/application-security-posture-management?ts=markdown) * [Software Supply Chain Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/software-supply-chain-security?ts=markdown) * [Infrastructure-as-Code (IaC) Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/infrastructure-as-code-security?ts=markdown) * [Software Composition Analysis](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/software-composition-analysis?ts=markdown) * [Secrets Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/secrets-security?ts=markdown) * [Open Partner Ecosystem](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/appsec-partner-ecosystem?ts=markdown) [Cloud Posture Security Overview](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-posture-security?ts=markdown) * [Cloud Security Posture Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-security-posture-management?ts=markdown) * [Cloud Infrastructure Entitlement Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-infrastructure-entitlement-management?ts=markdown) * [Data Security Posture Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/data-security-posture-management?ts=markdown) * [AI Security Posture Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/ai-security-posture-management?ts=markdown) * [Vulnerability Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/vulnerability-management?ts=markdown) * [Cloud Attack Surface Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/attack-surface-management?ts=markdown) [Cloud Runtime Security Overview](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/runtime-security?ts=markdown) * [Cloud Detection and Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud-detection-and-response?ts=markdown) * [Container \& Kubernetes Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/kubernetes-and-container-security?ts=markdown) * [Cloud Workload Protection](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-workload-protection?ts=markdown) * [API Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/api-security?ts=markdown) * [Serverless Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/serverless-security?ts=markdown) [![Observability NEW logo](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cortex/xcor/cortex-xcor-logo-nav-2.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/xcor?ts=markdown) Observability \& Remediation * [AI-Driven Observability](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/xcor/ai-driven-observability?ts=markdown) * [Distributed Tracing](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/xcor/distributed-tracing?ts=markdown) * [Log Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/xcor/log-management?ts=markdown) * [Metrics Monitoring](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/xcor/metrics-monitoring?ts=markdown) [![Identity Security logo](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/logos/nav/idira-logo-nav.svg)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira?ts=markdown) [Human Identities](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human?ts=markdown) * [Modern PAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/human/privileged-access-management?ts=markdown) * [Identity and Access 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Identities](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/idira/agentic?ts=markdown) * Solutions Solutions By Use Case [![Drive AI Transformation icon](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/ai-page/teaser-block/teaser-icon-2.svg) Drive AI Transformation Scale enterprise AI adoption across employees, applications and agents with confidence and control](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/ai-security?ts=markdown) [![Accelerate Cloud Transformation icon](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/icon-cortex.svg) Accelerate Cloud Transformation Build fast and innovate fearlessly with AI-driven protection from code to cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud?ts=markdown) [![Secure AI Coding icon](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/logo-default-orange.svg) Secure AI Coding Let AI coding do more, with you in control. 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[What Is a Fast Flux Network?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-fast-flux-network?ts=markdown) Table of contents * [What Are Malicious Newly Registered Domains?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-are-malicious-newly-registered-domains?ts=markdown) * [How Common Are Malicious NRDs?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-are-malicious-newly-registered-domains#how?ts=markdown) * [Uses of Malicious NRDs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-are-malicious-newly-registered-domains#uses?ts=markdown) * [The Importance of Quick Detection](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-are-malicious-newly-registered-domains#the?ts=markdown) * What Is a Fast Flux Network? * [What Is Threat Hunting?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/threat-hunting?ts=markdown) * [Threat Hunting Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/threat-hunting#threat?ts=markdown) * [Threat Hunting Methodologies](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/threat-hunting#methodologies?ts=markdown) * [Threat Hunting in Practice: A Structured Lifecycle](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/threat-hunting#lifecycle?ts=markdown) * [The Feedback Loop in Threat Hunting](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/threat-hunting#feedback?ts=markdown) * [Essential Threat Hunting Tools](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/threat-hunting#tools?ts=markdown) * [Tips and Best Practices](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/threat-hunting#tips?ts=markdown) * [Threat Hunting FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/threat-hunting#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What is an Intrusion Prevention System?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-prevention-system-ips?ts=markdown) * [How Intrusion Prevention Systems Work](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-prevention-system-ips#how?ts=markdown) * [Types of Intrusion Prevention Systems](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-prevention-system-ips#types?ts=markdown) * [The Benefits of Intrusion Prevention Systems](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-prevention-system-ips#the?ts=markdown) * [Critical Features of an IPS](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-prevention-system-ips#critical?ts=markdown) * [Deep Learning for Evasive Threat Detection](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-prevention-system-ips#deep?ts=markdown) * [Intrusion Prevention System FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-prevention-system-ips#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What is an Intrusion Detection System?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-detection-system-ids?ts=markdown) * [Intrusion Detection Systems vs. Intrusion Prevention Systems](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-detection-system-ids#intrusion?ts=markdown) * [How IDS Works](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-detection-system-ids#how?ts=markdown) * [Types of IDS Detection](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-detection-system-ids#types?ts=markdown) * [IDS vs. Firewalls](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-detection-system-ids#vs?ts=markdown) * [IDS Evasion Techniques](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-detection-system-ids#ids?ts=markdown) * [Why Intrusion Detection Systems are Important](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-detection-system-ids#why?ts=markdown) * [Intrusion Detection Systems FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-an-intrusion-detection-system-ids#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What is URL Filtering?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-url-filtering?ts=markdown) # What Is a Fast Flux Network? 5 min. read Cycling quickly through bots and DNS records is an effective way for cybercriminals to bypass detection. The technique, called fast flux, can wreak havoc on your enterprise. Find out what it is and why it's hard to detect. Fast flux is a popular technique cybercriminals use to make it more difficult for law enforcement to take down their servers. The technique is called "fast" because it cycles quickly through many bots and DNS records. Cybercriminals create fast flux networks for [phishing](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-phishing-attack), [malware](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-malware)distribution, scams and [botnet](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-botnet) operations. **Related Video** The Evolution of Modern Phishing Attacks ## How Does Fast Flux Work? The main idea behind fast flux is having multiple IP addresses per malicious domain name and changing them in quick succession. The malicious domain is often a typosquat: a variation of a popular domain name that will fool users into visiting it. One example is bankiamerica\[.\]com, a misspelling of the domain for Bank of America. Users who visit such a domain will usually be directed to a phishing site that resides on the cybercriminal's server. The site can then start collecting credentials and sensitive information or deliver malware. Alternatively, in this example, the attacker may send a phishing email to customers of Bank of America that contains the URL of the phishing site. Figure 1 shows an example of multiple IP addresses associated with a malicious domain. Each IP address may only "live" for as few as five minutes -- long enough to lure unsuspecting users without the risk of being detected. |----------------------|----------------| | Domain name | IP address | | bankiamerica\[.\]com | 101.14.66.2 | | bankiamerica\[.\]com | 222.14.10.4 | | bankiamerica\[.\]com | 23.124.228.102 | | bankiamerica\[.\]com | 101.14.66.22 | Figure 1: One malicious domain with multiple IP addresses A new set of IP addresses will subsequently get created automatically for the same domain name, often by botnets, and the old ones will be dropped (see figure 2). |----------------------|----------------| | Domain name | IP address | | bankiamerica\[.\]com | 181.214.153.22 | | bankiamerica\[.\]com | 96.44.162.82 | | bankiamerica\[.\]com | 106.253.253.5 | | bankiamerica\[.\]com | 139.99.91.95 | Figure 2: Additional IP addresses for the same domain This example scenario is a simple fast flux network. More advanced techniques, such as double flux -- in which a fast flux network is set up to replace the name server -- are common and make detection a cat-and-mouse game between cybercriminals and law enforcement. ## Fast Flux Detection The multiple IP addresses and the frequency with which they change mislead law enforcement and make the malicious servers difficult to trace. Investigators have to spend significant time analyzing each connection created by the botnet. Often, the domains are hosted by internet service providers (ISPs) in countries that may not cooperate quickly with law enforcement requests. One example detected by Palo Alto networks was the domain heygamersnort\[.\]at, which resolved through more than 200 IP addresses in fewer than two months. The IP addresses were hosted with different ISPs in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Central and South America, which made it complicated for law enforcement to trace and dismantle. Protection against fast flux networks is critical for any enterprise. [Learn more about fast flux from Unit 42](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/fast-flux-101/)^®^. Related content [What is DNS? The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database which locates internet domain names and translates them into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-dns?ts=markdown) [See the top DNS-Based attacks you should know about Learn how Palo Alto Networks DNS Security service protects your organization from the latest and most sophisticated DNS-layer threats.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/infographics/8-dns-based-attacks-your-organization-should-know-about?ts=markdown) [See Palo Alto Networks DNS Security DNS Security uses inline deep learning to provide 40% more DNS-layer threat coverage and disrupt 85% of malware that abuses DNS for malicious activity.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-dns-security?ts=markdown) [Protect your DNS traffic against threats Get insight into how to regain control of your DNS traffic and learn best practicies to to stop threat actors from using DNS to attack your organization.](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/protect-your-dns-traffic-against-threats.html) ![Share page on facebook](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/resources/facebook-circular-icon.svg) ![Share page on linkedin](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/resources/linkedin-circular-icon.svg) [![Share page by an email](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/resources/email-circular-icon.svg)](mailto:?subject=What%20Is%20a%20Fast%20Flux%20Network%3F&body=Discover%20how%20cybercriminals%20use%20fast%20flux%20to%20cycle%20through%20bots%20and%20DNS%20records%20for%20phishing%2C%20and%20why%20this%20technique%20is%20difficult%20for%20law%20enforcement%20to%20detect.%20at%20https%3A//www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-fast-flux-network) Back to Top [Previous](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-are-malicious-newly-registered-domains?ts=markdown) What Are Malicious Newly Registered Domains? 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