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* Products  
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  * [SaaS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/saas-security?ts=markdown)  
    [AI-Driven Security Operations Platform](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cloud Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Application Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/application-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cloud Posture Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-posture-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cloud Runtime Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/runtime-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/prisma/cloud?ts=markdown)
  
  * [AI-Driven SOC](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xsiam?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex XDR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xdr?ts=markdown)
  
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  * [Cortex XSOAR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xsoar?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Exposure Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/exposure-management?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Xpanse](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xpanse?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Advanced Email Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/advanced-email-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 Managed Detection \& Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/managed-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 Managed XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/managed-xsiam?ts=markdown)

* Solutions  
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  Secure AI by Design
  
  * [Secure AI Ecosystem](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/prisma/prisma-ai-runtime-security?ts=markdown)
  * [Secure GenAI Usage](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/ai-access-security?ts=markdown)  
    Network Security
  * [Cloud Network Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/software-firewalls?ts=markdown)
  * [Data Center Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/data-center?ts=markdown)
  * [DNS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-dns-security?ts=markdown)
  * [Intrusion Detection and Prevention](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-threat-prevention?ts=markdown)
  * [Device Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/device-security?ts=markdown)
  * [OT Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/ot-device-security?ts=markdown)
  * [5G Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/5g-security?ts=markdown)
  * [Secure All Apps, Users and Locations](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/secure-users-data-apps-devices?ts=markdown)
  * [Secure Branch Transformation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/secure-branch-transformation?ts=markdown)
  * [Secure Work on Any Device](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/secure-work-on-any-device?ts=markdown)
  * [VPN Replacement](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/vpn-replacement-for-secure-remote-access?ts=markdown)
  * [Web \& Phishing Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-url-filtering?ts=markdown)  
    Cloud Security
  * [Application Security Posture Management (ASPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/application-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Software Supply Chain Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/software-supply-chain-security?ts=markdown)
  * [Code Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/code-security?ts=markdown)
  * [Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Cloud Infrastructure Entitlement Management (CIEM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-infrastructure-entitlement-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Data Security Posture Management (DSPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/data-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [AI Security Posture Management (AI-SPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/ai-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Cloud Detection \& Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [Cloud Workload Protection (CWP)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-workload-protection?ts=markdown)
  * [Web Application \& API Security (WAAS)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/web-app-api-security?ts=markdown)  
    Security Operations
  * [Cloud Detection \& Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [Security Information and Event Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/modernize-siem?ts=markdown)
  * [Network Security Automation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/network-security-automation?ts=markdown)
  * [Incident Case Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/incident-case-management?ts=markdown)
  * [SOC Automation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/security-operations-automation?ts=markdown)
  * [Threat Intel Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/threat-intel-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Managed Detection \& Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/managed-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [Attack Surface Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xpanse/attack-surface-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Compliance Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xpanse/compliance-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Internet Operations Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xpanse/internet-operations-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Extended Data Lake (XDL)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xdl?ts=markdown)
  * [Agentic Assistant](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-agentic-assistant?ts=markdown)  
    Endpoint Security
  * [Endpoint Protection](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/endpoint-protection?ts=markdown)
  * [Extended Detection \& Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
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  * [Small \& Medium Business Solutions](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/industry/small-medium-business-portfolio?ts=markdown)

* Services  
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  [Threat Intel and Incident Response Services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Assess](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess?ts=markdown)
  
  * [AI Security Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/ai-security-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Attack Surface Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/attack-surface-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Breach Readiness Review](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/breach-readiness-review?ts=markdown)
  
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  * [Cloud Security Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/cloud-security-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Compromise Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/compromise-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
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  * [M\&A Cyber Due Diligence](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/mergers-acquisitions-cyber-due-diligence?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Penetration Testing](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/penetration-testing?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Purple Team Exercises](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/purple-teaming?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Ransomware Readiness Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/ransomware-readiness-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [SOC Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/soc-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Supply Chain Risk Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/supply-chain-risk-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Tabletop Exercises](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/tabletop-exercise?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 Retainer](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/retainer?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Respond](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cloud Incident Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond/cloud-incident-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Digital Forensics](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond/digital-forensics?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Incident Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond/incident-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Managed Detection and Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond/managed-detection-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Managed Threat Hunting](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond/managed-threat-hunting?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Managed XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/managed-xsiam?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 Retainer](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/retainer?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Transform](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/transform?ts=markdown)
  
  * [IR Plan Development and Review](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/transform/incident-response-plan-development-review?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Security Program Design](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/transform/security-program-design?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Virtual CISO](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/transform/vciso?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Zero Trust Advisory](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/transform/zero-trust-advisory?ts=markdown)  
    [Global Customer Services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Education \& Training](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/education?ts=markdown)
  
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    UNIT 42 RETAINER
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* Partners  
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  * [Solution Providers](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/nextwave-solution-providers?ts=markdown)
  * [Managed Security Service Providers](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/managed-security-service-providers?ts=markdown)
  * [XMDR Partners](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/managed-security-service-providers/xmdr?ts=markdown)  
    Take Action
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  * [Become a Partner](https://paloaltonetworks.my.site.com/NextWavePartnerProgram/s/partnerregistration?type=becomepartner)
  * [Request Access](https://paloaltonetworks.my.site.com/NextWavePartnerProgram/s/partnerregistration?type=requestaccess)
  * [Find a Partner](https://paloaltonetworks.my.site.com/NextWavePartnerProgram/s/partnerlocator)  
    [CYBERFORCE
    CYBERFORCE represents the top 1% of partner engineers trusted for their security expertise.
    Learn more](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberforce?ts=markdown)

* Company  
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  Palo Alto Networks
  
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  * [Precision AI Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/precision-ai-security?ts=markdown)
  * [Our Platform Approach](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/why-paloaltonetworks/platformization?ts=markdown)
  * [Accelerate Your Cybersecurity Transformation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/why-paloaltonetworks/nam-cxo-portfolio?ts=markdown)
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    Careers
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    Read more](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/press/2021/palo-alto-networks-secures-top-ranking-on-newsweek-s-most-loved-workplaces-list-for-2021?ts=markdown)

* More  
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  * [Threat Vector Podcast](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit-42-threat-vector-podcast/)
  * [Packet Pushers Podcasts](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/podcasts/packet-pusher?ts=markdown)  
    Connect
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3. [What Is a VPN Tunnel?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-vpn-tunnel?ts=markdown)  
   Table of Contents

* [How Does VPN Tunneling Work?](#vpn-tunneling)
* [Types of VPN Tunneling Protocols](#types)
* [What Is VPN Split Tunneling?](#split-tunneling)
* [VPN Tunnel FAQs](#faq)

# What Is a VPN Tunnel?

3 min. read  
Table of Contents

* [How Does VPN Tunneling Work?](#vpn-tunneling)
* [Types of VPN Tunneling Protocols](#types)
* [What Is VPN Split Tunneling?](#split-tunneling)
* [VPN Tunnel FAQs](#faq)

1. How Does VPN Tunneling Work?

* [1. How Does VPN Tunneling Work?](#vpn-tunneling)
* [2. Types of VPN Tunneling Protocols](#types)
* [3. What Is VPN Split Tunneling?](#split-tunneling)
* [4. VPN Tunnel FAQs](#faq)  
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A VPN tunnel is a secure, encrypted connection between a network device and a VPN server that safeguards data transfer over the internet.

The VPN tunnel creates a private pathway, shielding transmitted information from interception and unauthorized access. Encryption algorithms convert data into unreadable code during transit, ensuring that even if data is intercepted, it remains inaccessible and secure.

## How Does VPN Tunneling Work?

![Digram showing VPN tunneling between secured networks over the Internet with routers and arrows.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/how-vpn-tunneling.png "Digram showing VPN tunneling between secured networks over the Internet with routers and arrows.")

[*VPN*](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-vpn?ts=markdown) tunneling involves the creation of a secure and encrypted connection over a network, typically the internet. This connection is referred to as a "tunnel" because it provides a safe passageway for data to travel between a device and a VPN server.

VPN tunneling conceals a user's IP address and encrypts their data. This offers protection, especially when using unsecured public Wi-Fi. The encryption process can be compared to sending a sealed envelope through the mail. Even if postal workers see or handle the envelope, the contents remain private unless someone opens it.

VPN tunneling includes safeguards such as a kill switch, which halts internet traffic if the VPN connection drops. This prevents the user's public IP address from becoming visible, which maintains the integrity of the secure tunnel.

The tunneling process involves several steps to ensure security and privacy:

### 1. Initiation of the VPN connection

A user must select a VPN service and connect their device to the chosen VPN server.

### 2. Establishment of an encrypted tunnel

The VPN application on the user's device generates an encrypted channel. This encryption shields the internet traffic from unauthorized access as it moves through the user's internet connection to the VPN server.

### 3. Encryption of data

The data transmitted through the tunnel is encrypted using a specific protocol, transforming the information into a coded format known as "ciphertext." This encrypted data is undecipherable to anyone without the proper decryption keys.

### 4. Decryption at the VPN server

The VPN server receives the encrypted data and uses keys to decrypt it. Once decrypted, the data can continue to its intended destination on the internet.

### 5. Return of data to the user's device

Data sent from the internet back to the user also passes through the encrypted tunnel, ensuring privacy and security in both directions.

## Types of VPN Tunneling Protocols

![VPN tunneling protocols: PPTP, L2TP/IPsec, SSTP, OpenVPN, IKEv2/IPsec, WireGuard](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/types-of-vpn-tunneling-protocols.png "VPN tunneling protocols: PPTP, L2TP/IPsec, SSTP, OpenVPN, IKEv2/IPsec, WireGuard")

### Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)

![PPTP depicted by a client connecting to a PPTP server via a Network Access Server and Internet, with PPP and TCP/IP connections.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/pptp.png "PPTP depicted by a client connecting to a PPTP server via a Network Access Server and Internet, with PPP and TCP/IP connections.")

[*PPTP*](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-pptp?ts=markdown) facilitates the creation of a private network across the internet, enabling secure data transfer. This protocol encapsulates data packets. Ease of setup is a key advantage, requiring minimal configuration. The encryption PPTP offers is not as strong as newer protocols, making it susceptible to security breaches.

### Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)/IPSec

![L2TP shown by a remote user modem connecting through PPP to NAS/LAC, then via L2TP through the internet to an LNS.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/l2tp.png "L2TP shown by a remote user modem connecting through PPP to NAS/LAC, then via L2TP through the internet to an LNS.")

L2TP/IPSec is a combination of two protocols: [*L2TP*](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-l2tp?ts=markdown) to create the tunnel and [*IPSec*](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ipsec?ts=markdown) for data encryption and secure communications.  
![IPsec protocol demonstrated by two routers connected by an IPsec tunnel through the internet, with computers linked to each router.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/ipsec.png "IPsec protocol demonstrated by two routers connected by an IPsec tunnel through the internet, with computers linked to each router.")

This protocol is recognized for its compatibility with a wide array of devices and operating systems. However, the dual layers of security can potentially slow down transmission speed. Also, its use of fixed ports can result in complications with some firewalls.

### Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP)

![SSTP protocol represented by a VPN client connecting to an SSTP server via SSL/TLS handshake and HTTP request over port 443.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/sstp.png "SSTP protocol represented by a VPN client connecting to an SSTP server via SSL/TLS handshake and HTTP request over port 443.")

[*SSTP*](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-sstp?ts=markdown) utilizes SSL 3.0 for secure data passage through the tunnel. It is known for robust encryption capabilities. SSTP does not depend on fixed ports. Consequently, one of its distinctive benefits is the ability to bypass firewalls. The protocol's limitation lies in its platform exclusivity, as it does not support non-Windows systems.

### OpenVPN

![OpenVPN process showing data flow between Host A, virtual and real interfaces, network, and Host B.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/openvpn.png "OpenVPN process showing data flow between Host A, virtual and real interfaces, network, and Host B.")

[*OpenVPN*](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-openvpn?ts=markdown), an open-source protocol, offers strong encryption and the ability to work across multiple operating systems. It is highly regarded for flexibility and security strength, employing AES 256-bit encryption. While OpenVPN allows for significant customization, it requires more complex setup procedures, which can be mitigated by using configuration software.

### Internet Key Exchange version 2 (IKEv2)/IPSec

![A diagram of IKEv2 showing the exchange process between an initiator and a responder.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/how-ikev2-works.png "A diagram of IKEv2 showing the exchange process between an initiator and a responder.")

[*IKEv2*](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ikev2?ts=markdown), in combination with IPSec, delivers a secure, efficient VPN experience. It is recognized for its ability to re-establish a VPN connection swiftly when switching networks, making it a suitable choice for mobile devices. Native support on certain platforms, like iOS, adds to its appeal, though the setup can be intricate on non-native platforms.

### WireGuard

![WireGuard protocol showing various devices connected through a secure VPN tunnel to a WireGuard server and then to a website IP address.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/wireguard.png "WireGuard protocol showing various devices connected through a secure VPN tunnel to a WireGuard server and then to a website IP address.")

[*WireGuard*](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-wireguard?ts=markdown) is a modern VPN protocol praised for its minimalistic design and high performance. With state-of-the-art encryption, it is both secure and fast. WireGuard's lightweight nature makes it easy to implement and audit, contributing to its growing popularity, especially in mobile applications.

## What Is VPN Split Tunneling?

![A diagram showing VPN split tunneling with percentages for direct and secure tunnel connections.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/vpn-split-tunneling.png "A diagram showing VPN split tunneling with percentages for direct and secure tunnel connections.")

VPN split tunneling is a feature that allows a user to route some internet traffic through a secure VPN, while other traffic accesses the internet directly, bypassing the VPN. This method permits the division of network traffic into two streams. One stream is encrypted and routed through a VPN tunnel, and the other connects to the internet. This is particularly useful when simultaneous access to resources in both private and public networks is required.

The advantage of split tunneling is its efficiency. By only directing necessary traffic through the VPN, it can conserve bandwidth and improve speed for the activities that do not require encryption. For instance, an employee could access their company's internal documents through the VPN while streaming music directly via their local internet connection, which does not require VPN security.

However, there are potential risks. The traffic that does not use the VPN is unencrypted, making it potentially vulnerable to threats like data interception. While split tunneling can optimize network performance, it must be implemented judiciously to maintain security where it is most needed. This function is contingent on the VPN service provider's support and may vary across different devices and operating systems.

## VPN Tunnel FAQs

### What does a VPN tunnel do?

A VPN tunnel encrypts business data transmitted over the internet, ensuring secure access to corporate resources for remote users and branch offices, while protecting sensitive information from cyberthreats.

### What is a tunnel in a VPN?

In a VPN, a tunnel refers to the secure, encrypted pathway through which data travels. The pathway is isolated from other network traffic to facilitate secure communication between remote users and the corporate network.

### How is tunneling accomplished in a VPN?

In a VPN, tunneling is accomplished by encapsulating a network protocol within packets carried by the second network. Encrypted data travels through a secure tunnel over the internet. This enables secure connections between network nodes over potentially insecure networks like the public internet.

### Which tools are tunneling protocols?

Tunneling protocols used in VPNs include Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP), Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP), Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), OpenVPN, and Internet Protocol Security (IPSec). These protocols are designed to secure data transfer by establishing and maintaining a network connection across a public network.

### What is the difference between a VPN and a VPN tunnel?

A virtual private network (VPN) provides secure access to a private network over the internet. A VPN tunnel is the specific encrypted connection within a VPN that protects data as it travels between devices and the network.

### Do I need a VPN tunnel?

Businesses need a VPN tunnel for secure remote access to their network to protect sensitive data and maintain confidentiality.

### Are VPN tunnels safe?

VPN tunnels are generally safe for businesses as they use encryption protocols to protect data transfer, reducing the risk of data breaches and cyberthreats. However, the security level depends on the VPN configuration and adherence to best practices.

### Which are the two main types of VPN tunnels?

The two main types of VPN tunnels for businesses are remote access and site-to-site VPN tunnels, each serving different network setup needs. Site-to-site connects whole networks to each other, while remote access allows individual users to connect to a network remotely.

### How do you create a VPN tunnel between two sites?

To create a VPN tunnel between two sites, establish a secure connection using a VPN gateway at each location. Configure the gateways with compatible tunneling protocols, such as IPSec, and set up shared encryption and authentication methods. Define traffic rules to permit data to flow securely between the sites.

### How do you set up a VPN tunnel?

To set up a VPN tunnel, select a VPN protocol like IPSec or OpenVPN, configure VPN server and client software on both ends, establish a secure connection with authentication and encryption, and set network routing rules to direct traffic through the tunnel. Ensure compatibility and security measures are in place.
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