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[What Is CI/CD Security?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security?ts=markdown) Table of Contents * What Is CI/CD Security? * [CI/CD Security Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#security?ts=markdown) * [Why CI/CD Security Is Critical](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#critical?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Security Threats](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#threats?ts=markdown) * [Securing the CI/CD Pipeline](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#securing?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Security Best Practices](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#practices?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Security FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Insecure System Configuration?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insecure-system-configuration-cicd-sec7?ts=markdown) * [CICD-SEC-7: Insecure System Configuration Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insecure-system-configuration-cicd-sec7#insecure?ts=markdown) * [Importance of Secure System Configuration in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insecure-system-configuration-cicd-sec7#importance?ts=markdown) * [Preventing Insecure System Configuration in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insecure-system-configuration-cicd-sec7#preventing?ts=markdown) * [Industry Standards for System Configuration Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insecure-system-configuration-cicd-sec7#standards?ts=markdown) * [Insecure System Configuration FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insecure-system-configuration-cicd-sec7#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Shift Left Security?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/shift-left-security?ts=markdown) * [Shift Left Security: A Developer-Centric Reality Check](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/shift-left-security#shift?ts=markdown) * [Core Principles of Shift Left Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/shift-left-security#core?ts=markdown) * [What Shift Left Looks Like in Practice](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/shift-left-security#practice?ts=markdown) * [What Secure Looks Like Now](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/shift-left-security#secure?ts=markdown) * [Shift Left Security FAQS](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/shift-left-security#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is DevOps?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devops?ts=markdown) * [DevOps Is Not](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devops#devops?ts=markdown) * [DevOps Defined](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devops#defined?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Pipeline](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devops#cicd?ts=markdown) * [DevOps and Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devops#security?ts=markdown) * [DevOps FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devops#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Executive Order 14028?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/executive-order-14028?ts=markdown) * [What's the Purpose of EO 14028?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/executive-order-14028#what?ts=markdown) * [NIST's Responsibilities Under Executive Order 14028](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/executive-order-14028#nist?ts=markdown) * [A Platform Approach to Securing Software Development](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/executive-order-14028#platform?ts=markdown) * [Tracing Vulnerabilities Through SBOMs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/executive-order-14028#tracing?ts=markdown) * [Improving Software Supply Chain Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/executive-order-14028#improving?ts=markdown) * [Federal EO 14028 FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/executive-order-14028#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Cloud Software Supply Chain Security?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-cloud-software-supply-chain-security?ts=markdown) * [What is DevSecOps?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devsecops?ts=markdown) * [What is DevSecOps?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devsecops#what?ts=markdown) * [DevSecOps vs DevOps](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devsecops#devsecops?ts=markdown) * [Why DevSecOps Practices Are Important](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devsecops#why?ts=markdown) * [Five Guidelines to DevSecOps Implementation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devsecops#five?ts=markdown) * [Finding the Best DevSecOps Tools](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devsecops#finding?ts=markdown) * [The Best of DevSecOps: Trends in Cloud Native Security Practices](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devsecops#the?ts=markdown) * [DevSecOps FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devsecops#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Insufficient Flow Control Mechanisms?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-flow-control-mechanisms-cicd-sec1?ts=markdown) * [CICD-SEC-1: Insufficient Flow Control Mechanisms Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-flow-control-mechanisms-cicd-sec1#insufficient-flow-control-mechanism?ts=markdown) * [Importance of Robust Flow Control Mechanisms in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-flow-control-mechanisms-cicd-sec1#importance?ts=markdown) * [Preventing Insufficiency in Flow Control Mechanisms](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-flow-control-mechanisms-cicd-sec1#preventing-insufficiency-in-flow-control-mechanism?ts=markdown) * [Best Practices to Ensure Sufficient Flow Control in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-flow-control-mechanisms-cicd-sec1#best-practices?ts=markdown) * [The Impact of New Technologies on Flow Control](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-flow-control-mechanisms-cicd-sec1#impact?ts=markdown) * [Insufficient Flow Control Mechanisms FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-flow-control-mechanisms-cicd-sec1#faq?ts=markdown) * [What Is Poisoned Pipeline Execution (PPE)?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/poisoned-pipeline-execution-cicd-sec4?ts=markdown) * [CICD-SEC-4: Poisoned Pipeline Execution Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/poisoned-pipeline-execution-cicd-sec4#pipeline?ts=markdown) * [Importance of Secure Pipeline Execution in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/poisoned-pipeline-execution-cicd-sec4#importance?ts=markdown) * [Preventing Poisoned Pipeline Execution](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/poisoned-pipeline-execution-cicd-sec4#poisoned?ts=markdown) * [Poisoned Pipeline Execution FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/poisoned-pipeline-execution-cicd-sec4#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is the CI/CD Pipeline?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Pipeline Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security#ci-cd-pipeline?ts=markdown) * [How CI/CD Works: A Day in the Life of the Pipeline](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security#how-ci-cd-works?ts=markdown) * [Stages of a CI/CD Pipeline](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security#stages-of-a-ci-cd-pipeline?ts=markdown) * [Types of CI/CD Pipelines](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security#types-of-ci-cd-pipelines?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD in the Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security#ci-cd-in-the-cloud?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Pipeline Best Practices](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security#best-practices?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Pipeline KPIs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security#ci-cd-pipeline-kpis?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Tools](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security#ci-cd-tools?ts=markdown) * [Security in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security#security-in-ci-cd?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Trends on the Horizon](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security#ci-cd-trends-on-the-horizon?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Pipeline FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security#faq?ts=markdown) * [What Is Ungoverned Usage of Third-Party Services?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/ungoverned-usage-third-party-services-cicd-sec8?ts=markdown) * [CICD-SEC-8: Ungoverned Usage of Third-Party Services Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/ungoverned-usage-third-party-services-cicd-sec8#ungoverned?ts=markdown) * [Importance of Governing Third-Party Services in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/ungoverned-usage-third-party-services-cicd-sec8#importance?ts=markdown) * [Preventing Ungoverned Usage of Third-Party Services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/ungoverned-usage-third-party-services-cicd-sec8#preventing?ts=markdown) * [Industry Standards for Governing Third-Party Services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/ungoverned-usage-third-party-services-cicd-sec8#industry?ts=markdown) * [Ungoverned Usage of Third-Party Services FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/ungoverned-usage-third-party-services-cicd-sec8#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Insufficient Pipeline-Based Access Controls?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pipeline-based-access-controls-cicd-sec5?ts=markdown) * [CICD-SEC-5: Insufficient Pipeline-Based Access Controls Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pipeline-based-access-controls-cicd-sec5#insufficient?ts=markdown) * [Importance of Pipeline-Based Access Controls in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pipeline-based-access-controls-cicd-sec5#importance?ts=markdown) * [Preventing Insufficiency in Pipeline-Based Access Controls](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pipeline-based-access-controls-cicd-sec5#preventing?ts=markdown) * [Industry Standards for Pipeline-Based Access Controls](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pipeline-based-access-controls-cicd-sec5#industry?ts=markdown) * [Insufficient Pipeline-Based Access Controls FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pipeline-based-access-controls-cicd-sec5#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Insufficient Logging and Visibility?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-logging-visibility-cicd-sec10?ts=markdown) * [CICD-SEC-10: Insufficient Logging and Visibility Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-logging-visibility-cicd-sec10#insufficient?ts=markdown) * [Importance of Sufficient Logging and Visibility in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-logging-visibility-cicd-sec10#importance?ts=markdown) * [Preventing Insufficiency in Logging and Visibility](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-logging-visibility-cicd-sec10#preventing?ts=markdown) * [Industry Standards for Logging and Visibility in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-logging-visibility-cicd-sec10#standards?ts=markdown) * [Insufficient Logging and Visibility FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-logging-visibility-cicd-sec10#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Insufficient Credential Hygiene?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-credential-hygiene-cicd-sec6?ts=markdown) * [CICD-SEC-6: Insufficient Credential Hygiene Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-credential-hygiene-cicd-sec6#insufficient-credential-hygiene-explained?ts=markdown) * [Importance of Credential Hygiene in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-credential-hygiene-cicd-sec6#importance?ts=markdown) * [Preventing Insufficiency in Credential Hygiene](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-credential-hygiene-cicd-sec6#preventing?ts=markdown) * [Industry Standards for Credential Hygiene in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-credential-hygiene-cicd-sec6#industry-standards?ts=markdown) * [Insufficient Credential Hygiene FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-credential-hygiene-cicd-sec6#faq?ts=markdown) * [What Is Inadequate Identity and Access Management?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/inadequate-iam-cicd-sec2?ts=markdown) * [CICD-SEC-2: Inadequate Identity and Access Management Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/inadequate-iam-cicd-sec2#inadequate-identity?ts=markdown) * [Importance of Identity and Access Management in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/inadequate-iam-cicd-sec2#importance?ts=markdown) * [Preventing Inadequacy in Identity and Access Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/inadequate-iam-cicd-sec2#preventing-inadequacy?ts=markdown) * [Best Practices for IAM in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/inadequate-iam-cicd-sec2#best-practices?ts=markdown) * [Inadequate Identity and Access Management FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/inadequate-iam-cicd-sec2#faq?ts=markdown) * [What Is Improper Artifact Integrity Validation?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/improper-artifact-integrity-validation-cicd-sec9?ts=markdown) * [CICD-SEC-9: Improper Artifact Integrity Validation Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/improper-artifact-integrity-validation-cicd-sec9#artifact?ts=markdown) * [Importance of Artifact Integrity Validation in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/improper-artifact-integrity-validation-cicd-sec9#importance?ts=markdown) * [Preventing Improper Artifact Integrity Validation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/improper-artifact-integrity-validation-cicd-sec9#improper?ts=markdown) * [Industry Practices to Promote Artifact Integrity in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/improper-artifact-integrity-validation-cicd-sec9#promote?ts=markdown) * [Improper Artifact Integrity Validation FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/improper-artifact-integrity-validation-cicd-sec9#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Dependency Chain Abuse?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dependency-chain-abuse-cicd-sec3?ts=markdown) * [CICD-SEC-3: Dependency Chain Abuse Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dependency-chain-abuse-cicd-sec3#cicd-sec?ts=markdown) * [Importance of Secure Dependency Chains in CI/CD](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dependency-chain-abuse-cicd-sec3#importance?ts=markdown) * [Identifying Signs of Dependency Chain Abuse](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dependency-chain-abuse-cicd-sec3#identifying-signs?ts=markdown) * [Preventing Dependency Chain Abuse](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dependency-chain-abuse-cicd-sec3#preventing?ts=markdown) * [Additional Practices for Dependency Chain Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dependency-chain-abuse-cicd-sec3#additional-practices?ts=markdown) * [Dependency Chain Abuse FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dependency-chain-abuse-cicd-sec3#faq?ts=markdown) * [Anatomy of a Cloud Supply Pipeline Attack](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/anatomy-ci-cd-pipeline-attack?ts=markdown) # What Is CI/CD Security? 5 min. read [AppSec's New Horizon: A Virtual Event](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/appsecs-new-horizon-virtual-event.html) Table of Contents * * [CI/CD Security Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#security?ts=markdown) * [Why CI/CD Security Is Critical](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#critical?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Security Threats](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#threats?ts=markdown) * [Securing the CI/CD Pipeline](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#securing?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Security Best Practices](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#practices?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Security FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#faqs?ts=markdown) 1. CI/CD Security Explained * * [CI/CD Security Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#security?ts=markdown) * [Why CI/CD Security Is Critical](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#critical?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Security Threats](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#threats?ts=markdown) * [Securing the CI/CD Pipeline](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#securing?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Security Best Practices](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#practices?ts=markdown) * [CI/CD Security FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security#faqs?ts=markdown) CI/CD security is the distribution of security practices and measures throughout the continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline. As a core component of DevSecOps, CI/CD security dismisses the idea that security is a distinct phase and instead ensures it is an inherent part of the software delivery lifecycle. The goal of CI/CD security is to detect and mitigate vulnerabilities, reduce risks, and promote secure coding practices. ## CI/CD Security Explained Continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) refers to the automated workflow that enables organizations to deliver software more efficiently by allowing rapid and frequent integration, testing, and deployment of code changes. Of importance to developers and enterprises alike, CI/CD security refers to the set of practices, processes, and technologies implemented to ensure the security and integrity of the [CI/CD pipeline](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security?ts=markdown). Components of CI/CD security include: 1. **Static application security testing (SAST)** scans source code for known vulnerabilities early in the development process. 2. **Dynamic application security testing (DAST)** checks running applications for vulnerabilities, typically toward the end of the CI/CD pipeline. 3. **Software composition analysis (SCA)** inspects open-source components for vulnerabilities. 4. **Secrets management** ensures sensitive data like API keys, credentials, and certificates are securely handled. 5. **Container security** checks container configurations, dependencies, and runtime behaviors for vulnerabilities. 6. **Infrastructure as code (IaC) security** analyzes infrastructure scripts for misconfigurations or violations of security policies. CI/CD security encompasses managing secrets and sensitive data, implementing access controls, and conducting security testing throughout the CI/CD pipeline. It aims to protect against potential attacks that could compromise the integrity, confidentiality, or availability of the software developed and deployed by organizations. Securing the pipeline serves as the backbone of the software development process. By ensuring the security of the pipeline, organizations maintain the trust of their users, safeguard sensitive information, and prevent security breaches. !\[Stages and DevOps workflow of the CI/CD pipeline\](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en\_US/images/cyberpedia/CI\_CD Security - 2.png "Stages and DevOps workflow of the CI/CD pipeline") *Figure 1: Stages and DevOps workflow of the CI/CD pipeline* ## Why CI/CD Security Is Critical The CI/CD pipeline is an attractive target for attackers. As a centralized and automated process that handles code changes and deployments, any security flaws in the pipeline could lead to unauthorized access of the system. Bad actors know this and look for vulnerabilities. CI/CD security prevents attackers from injecting malicious code or creating backdoors and causing data loss and systems compromise. The fast-paced nature of CI/CD and the continuous integration of code changes can amplify security risks. Without proper security controls, vulnerabilities can propagate quickly through the pipeline, making them challenging to identify and mitigate. Additionally, the reliance on open source and third-party components within the CI/CD process introduces security risks into the [software supply chain](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-cloud-software-supply-chain-security?ts=markdown). As the axis of the application engineering ecosystem, the CI/CD pipeline must take top priority for organizations to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of their cloud-native applications. Failing to do so puts organizations at risk of financial loss, reputational damage, and regulatory noncompliance. A secure CI/CD pipeline not only safeguards the organization's intellectual property and sensitive data but also ensures the continuous deployment of high-quality software, cultivating a competitive edge in today's evolving digital landscape. **Related:** [Protecting Your Delivery Pipeline: Extensive CI/CD Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/prisma-cloud/announcing-ci-cd-security-with-prisma-cloud/?ts=markdown) ## CI/CD Security Threats Understanding the threats that can exploit vulnerabilities --- from insufficient flow control mechanisms to improper artifact integrity --- informs the development of robust strategies to mitigate them. By preparing for the OWASP Top 10 CI/CD security risks, you can enhance your pipeline's security posture. !\[CI/CD Security Threats\](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en\_US/images/cyberpedia/CI\_CD Security - 3.png "CI/CD Security Threats") *Figure 2: Software supply chains are complex with a range of tools connected to highly sensitive source code, yet most organizations have little visibility.* ### CICD-SEC-1: Insufficient Flow Control Mechanisms [Insufficient flow control mechanisms](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-flow-control-mechanisms-cicd-sec1?ts=markdown) refer to the lack of proper checks and controls throughout the CI/CD pipeline. Without adequate validation and authorization mechanisms, attackers can manipulate the flow of code changes, inject malicious code, or bypass security measures, leading to unauthorized access or unauthorized deployments. ### CICD-SEC-2: Inadequate Identity and Access Management [Inadequate identity and access management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/inadequate-iam-cicd-sec2?ts=markdown) in the CI/CD pipeline can result in unauthorized individuals gaining access to critical resources, such as source code repositories, build servers, or deployment environments. Insufficient access controls can allow attackers to tamper with code, introduce vulnerabilities, or exfiltrate sensitive information. ### CICD-SEC-3: Dependency Chain Abuse [Dependency chain abuse](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/dependency-chain-abuse-cicd-sec3?ts=markdown) occurs when an attacker exploits flaws in how engineering workstations and build environments fetch code dependencies. This exploitation ultimately leads to fetching and locally executing malicious packages from public repositories, specifically targeting popular packages within CI/CD pipelines. ### CICD-SEC-4: Poisoned Pipeline Execution (PPE) [Poisoned pipeline execution](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/poisoned-pipeline-execution-cicd-sec4?ts=markdown) refers to an attack where a hacker compromises the CI/CD pipeline to execute malicious code during the build or deployment process. By injecting malicious scripts or tampering with the pipeline configuration, attackers can manipulate the software in build or deployment, leading to the introduction of malicious code, data breaches, or system compromise. ### CICD-SEC-5: Insufficient Pipeline-Based Access Controls [Insufficient pipeline-based access controls](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/pipeline-based-access-controls-cicd-sec5?ts=markdown) refers to the lack of effective access controls within the CI/CD pipeline. Without proper authorization mechanisms, attackers can gain unauthorized access to critical components, modify pipeline configurations, or compromise the integrity of the software being built or deployed. ### CICD-SEC-6: Insufficient Credential Hygiene [Insufficient credential hygiene](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-credential-hygiene-cicd-sec6?ts=markdown) involves improper management and protection of credentials used within the CI/CD pipeline. Hard-coded secrets, weakly stored or transmitted credentials, or the exposure of sensitive information can provide attackers with the means to escalate privileges, impersonate legitimate users, and compromise the security of the pipeline. ### CICD-SEC-7: Insecure System Configuration Insecure system configuration refers to the presence of misconfigured components or systems within the CI/CD pipeline. Misconfigurations can lead to security vulnerabilities, such as open ports, weak encryption, or unnecessary services --- all of which attackers can exploit to gain unauthorized access or perform malicious activities. ### CICD-SEC-8: Ungoverned Usage of Third-Party Services The [ungoverned usage of third-party services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/ungoverned-usage-third-party-services-cicd-sec8?ts=markdown) within the CI/CD pipeline introduces security risks. Integrating external services without proper oversight or vetting can expose the pipeline to vulnerabilities that compromise the integrity of the software. Attackers may target these services to gain unauthorized access, inject malicious code, or exfiltrate sensitive data. ### CICD-SEC-9: Improper Artifact Integrity Validation [Improper artifact integrity validation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/improper-artifact-integrity-validation-cicd-sec9?ts=markdown) involves insufficient checks to ensure the integrity and authenticity of software artifacts within the CI/CD pipeline. Without proper validation mechanisms, attackers can manipulate or replace artifacts, leading to the deployment of compromised or malicious software. ### CICD-SEC-10: Insufficient Logging and Visibility [Insufficient logging and visibility](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insufficient-logging-visibility-cicd-sec10?ts=markdown) hinder the ability to detect and respond to security incidents within the CI/CD pipeline. Without comprehensive logging, monitoring, and auditing, it becomes challenging to identify anomalous behavior, track changes, or investigate security events. When effectively executed, this CI/CD risk enables attackers to operate undetected and cover their tracks. ## Securing the CI/CD Pipeline Securing the CI/CD pipeline involves implementing a range of security practices and technologies to protect the integrity and confidentiality of the software development and deployment process. !\[Securing the CI/CD Pipeline\](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en\_US/images/cyberpedia/CI\_CD Security - 1.png "Securing the CI/CD Pipeline") *Figure 2: Securing the CI/CD pipeline requires security throughout the CI/CD pipeline.* ### Source Composition Analysis [Source composition analysis (SCA)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-sca?ts=markdown) is a crucial security practice in the CI/CD pipeline. It involves analyzing and scanning the source code and dependencies to identify any known security vulnerabilities or open-source components with known vulnerabilities. By leveraging SCA tools and integrating them into the pipeline, organizations can identify and remediate potential security risks early in the development process. ### Static Application Security Testing [Static application security testing (SAST)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-sast-static-application-security-testing?ts=markdown) is another important security practice in CI/CD. Developers conducting SAST analyze the source code to identify security vulnerabilities, coding errors or insecure coding practices. SAST tools scan the codebase, searching for potential security flaws and providing developers with actionable insights to address these issues before deploying the code. ### CI/CD Access Controls Implementing strict access controls throughout the CI/CD pipeline is essential for maintaining security. This includes proper authentication and authorization mechanisms to control access to critical components, such as source code repositories, build servers, or deployment environments. Role-based access control (RBAC), multifactor authentication (MFA), and [least privilege principles](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-least-privilege-access?ts=markdown) should be enforced to ensure that only authorized individuals can make changes or access sensitive resources. ### Secrets Management and CI/CD Managing secrets, such as API keys, passwords, or cryptographic keys, is crucial for CI/CD security. Secrets should never be hard-coded or stored in plaintext within the code or configuration files. Instead, [DevOps](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devops?ts=markdown) should follow [secure secret management practices](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/prisma-cloud/shift-left-secrets-security-risk-prioritization/?ts=markdown), such as using a centralized secrets management system or leveraging secure key vaults. Secrets should be encrypted, rotated regularly, and accessed only when necessary. ### Registry Scanning Registry scanning involves analyzing container images used in the CI/CD pipeline to identify known vulnerabilities or misconfigurations. Container security tools can scan the container images for any known security issues or vulnerabilities and provide actionable insights for remediation. This helps ensure that only secure and trusted container images are deployed, reducing the risk of running containers with known vulnerabilities. ### Runtime Security Runtime security focuses on monitoring and protecting the application during its execution in the production environment. Implementing runtime security measures, such as [web application firewalls (WAFs)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-web-application-firewall?ts=markdown), runtime application self-protection (RASP), or behavioral analysis tools, allows organizations to detect and mitigate security threats in real time. By continuously monitoring the application's behavior and enforcing security controls at runtime, organizations can detect and respond to potential attacks promptly. ## CI/CD Security Best Practices By following industry best and DevSecOps practices, organizations can strengthen their overall security posture and ensure the integration of security throughout the software development and deployment process. ### Implement Infrastructure as Code Use [infrastructure as code (IaC)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-iac-security?ts=markdown) principles to define and manage the infrastructure and configuration of the CI/CD pipeline. This approach ensures consistency, version control, and the ability to enforce security controls throughout the pipeline's infrastructure components. ### Apply Secure Coding Practices Secure coding practices --- input validation, output encoding, proper error handling, and secure authentication and authorization mechanisms --- are invaluable to development teams. Keeping software dependencies up to date and avoiding the use of deprecated or insecure functions also goes a long way toward preventing SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and buffer overflows. Security-focused code reviews and secure coding training can reinforce these practices. *Video 1: Learn how security engineers and app developers can create an effective security process.* ### Vulnerability Scanning Vulnerability scanning plays a preemptive role in maintaining security by detecting and analyzing threats in CI/CD pipelines. Through regularly scanning code, dependencies, and infrastructure, organizations can identify and address vulnerabilities before they become exploitable. ### Automate Security Testing Integrate automated security testing tools, such as dynamic application security testing (DAST), into the CI/CD pipeline. These tools scan the application for vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, and other security issues, providing developers with timely feedback and enabling them to address security concerns. ### Employ Continuous Monitoring Implement continuous monitoring of the CI/CD pipeline and the deployed applications. This includes logging, log analysis, and intrusion detection systems to detect and respond to security incidents in real time. Monitoring can help identify unauthorized access attempts, unusual behavior, and indicators of compromise. ### Enforce Separation of Duties Implement separation of duties by ensuring that different individuals or teams assume responsibility for different stages of the CI/CD pipeline. This practice helps prevent unauthorized changes, reduces the risk of insider threats, and supports accountability. ### Regularly Update Dependencies Keep dependencies, including third-party libraries and frameworks, up to date. Regularly update and patch these dependencies to address any security vulnerabilities that may be discovered over time. Use dependency management tools to automate the update process and ensure the use of trusted and secure components. ### Conduct Threat Modeling Take a proactive approach to identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential security threats and vulnerabilities. This means analyzing the architecture, design, and functionality of the system or application to flesh out attack vectors and weak points lacking security controls. By systematically evaluating threats and their potential impact, you can prioritize your security efforts and effectively allocate resources. Threat modeling will equip you to make informed decisions and ensure your security measures align with the needs and context of the system or application. ### Practice Secure Secrets Handling Implement secure secrets handling practices, such as encrypting secrets at rest and in transit, using strong encryption algorithms, and restricting access to secrets based on the principle of least privilege. Leverage secrets management tools and avoid hard-coding secrets in configuration files or source code. ### Regularly Audit and Review Access Controls Conduct audits to review access controls within the CI/CD pipeline. Ensure that access privileges are assigned based on job roles, remove unnecessary access rights and promptly revoke access for individuals who no longer require it. ### Foster a Culture of Security Embrace [DevSecOps](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-devsecops?ts=markdown) principles and promote a culture of security awareness and education among development teams. Provide training on secure coding practices, CI/CD security principles, and the importance of adhering to security policies. Encourage reporting of security issues or potential vulnerabilities. ## CI/CD Security FAQs ### What is a secure DevOps toolchain? A secure DevOps toolchain is a sequence of integrated tools used to automate the entire lifecycle of application delivery --- from design, build and test, to deploy and monitor --- while embedding security at each stage. Key tools include code repositories, build servers, configuration management, test automation, and monitoring services. Security is integrated through static and dynamic code analysis tools, container security, secrets management, and automated compliance checks, nurturing a culture of shift-left security. ### What is pipeline execution? Pipeline execution refers to the automated process of moving code changes from the developer's environment to the production environment. It includes stages like compilation, unit testing, integration testing, and deployment. Each stage must successfully pass before progressing to the next. This process enables fast, reliable, and consistent delivery of software updates and features. ### What is source control? Also known as version control, source control is a system that records changes to a file or set of files over time so that specific versions can be recalled later. It allows multiple developers to work on a project simultaneously, providing tools to handle conflicts. It's essential for tracking changes, finding the source of issues, and managing updates and patches. ### What is deployment automation? Deployment automation is the process of scripting and automating the steps involved in deploying software applications from development to production environments. This involves version control systems, integration with automated build tools, and orchestrating the sequence of deployments across different environments. The goal aims to make deployments repeatable, reliable, and error-free. ### What is postmortem analysis? A critical part of improving security incident management, postmortem analysis examines events after they occur, with the aim of identifying causes and potential mitigations for future incidents. In the context of security, this involves an in-depth review of security incidents, analyzing how the breach occurred, the extent of damage, the effectiveness of the response, and steps to prevent similar occurrences. ### What is compliance as code (CaC)? Compliance as code (CaC) is a methodology where developers embed compliance rules, regulations, and standards in the software development and deployment process via code and automation. CaC allows continuous compliance checks throughout the CI/CD pipeline, making the compliance audit process transparent, repeatable, and efficient. ### What is security automation? Security automation involves using automated technology to perform tasks with minimal human intervention, enhancing efficiency and reducing response times. In a security context, it includes automating repetitive tasks like log analysis, patch management, and threat detection and response. Security automation is a critical part of SOAR (security orchestration, automation, and response), improving threat mitigation and enabling teams to focus on high-level security strategy and analysis. ### What is secure configuration? Secure configuration refers to the process of setting system parameters and operational settings in a manner that minimizes security vulnerabilities. This could involve disabling unnecessary services, limiting system access, regularly updating and patching systems and implementing security controls. Using automated tools and following a baseline or standard, like the CIS Benchmarks, can help ensure configurations are secure. ### What are red team exercises? Red team exercises are simulated attacks on an organization's cybersecurity defenses conducted by a group of security professionals (the Red Team). Their purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of the organization's security posture by actively seeking out vulnerabilities and attempting to exploit them, just like real attackers would. ### What are Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs)? ISACs are non-profit organizations that facilitate the exchange of cybersecurity information among member entities, usually within a specific industry or sector. They collect, analyze, and disseminate actionable threat information to their members and provide tools to mitigate risks and enhance resilience against cyberthreats. ISACs foster a collaborative environment where members can learn from each other's experiences, identify emerging threats and swiftly implement defensive measures. ### What are secure restore procedures? Secure restore procedures refer to the steps taken to recover data and systems from backups securely. This involves validating the integrity of backup data, ensuring secure transmission of data during the restore process, using encrypted storage and verifying the success of the restore operation. Regular testing of restore procedures ensures data availability during an incident. ### What are secure DevOps metrics? Secure DevOps metrics are quantifiable measures used to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of integrating security into DevOps practices. These metrics may include mean time to detect (MTTD) and mean time to respond (MTTR) to security incidents, the number of known vulnerabilities remaining in production, and the time taken to remediate vulnerabilities. ### What is a secure software development lifecycle (SDLC)? The [secure SDLC](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-secure-software-development-lifecycle) approach to software development embeds security considerations and practices into each phase of the SDLC --- from design, development, and testing to deployment and maintenance. With the aim of enhancing the security of the final software product, secure SDLC includes practices like threat modeling, code review, static and dynamic analysis, penetration testing, and security training for developers. ### What is security orchestration, automation, and response (SOAR)? SOAR is a stack of compatible software programs that enable an organization to collect data about security threats from multiple sources and respond to low-level security events without human assistance. It involves three key areas: security orchestration and workflow management, security automation and enforcement of security policies, and incident response and management. SOAR tools enable teams to manage and respond to an increasing volume of alerts more efficiently and effectively. ### What is Zero Trust architecture? [Zero Trust architecture (ZTA)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-zero-trust-architecture?ts=markdown) is a cybersecurity model that mandates stringent identity verification for every entity --- both users and devices --- attempting to access resources on a network. Trust is never implicitly granted based on network location. ZTA leverages technologies like [microsegmentation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-microsegmentation?ts=markdown), multifactor authentication, [least privilege access](), and AI/ML for real-time analytics to verify entities before granting access, thus minimizing the attack surface and risk. ### What is immutable infrastructure? Immutable infrastructure is an approach where changes to live infrastructure components are made to a base image, which is then used to spin up new instances to replace the old. This approach enhances system consistency and reliability while minimizing the divergence that can lead to security risks or failure points. Related Content [ASPM Buyer's Guide Gain a comprehensive framework for evaluating and choosing an ASPM solution that shifts your AppSec strategy from reactive to proactive.](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/application-security-posture-management-buyers-guide.html) [Accelerate Secure Development with Prevention-First Application Security Posture Management (ASPM) Learn how Cortex Cloud's ASPM centralizes and correlates findings from disparate security scanning tools with complete context across code, application infrastructure, and cloud ru...](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/datasheets/application-security-posture-management-solution-brief?ts=markdown) [Introducing Cortex Cloud ASPM Cortex Cloud ASPM gives security and engineering teams the control to prevent exploitable risk early and respond with full context across the software lifecycle.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/cloud-security/introducing-aspm-cortex-cloud/?ts=markdown) [AppSec's New Horizon Join this virtual event to get a practical, prevention-first blueprint --- backed by new Unit 42 research --- to modernize your AppSec strategy.](https://start.paloaltonetworks.com/appsecs-new-horizon-virtual-event.html) ![Share page on facebook](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/resources/facebook-circular-icon.svg) ![Share page on linkedin](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/resources/linkedin-circular-icon.svg) [![Share page by an email](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/resources/email-circular-icon.svg)](mailto:?subject=What%20Is%20CI%2FCD%20Security%3F&body=Secure%20your%20CI%2FCD%20pipelines%20from%20cyber%20threats.%20Learn%20best%20practices%20for%20protecting%20code%2C%20automating%20security%2C%20and%20ensuring%20compliance%20in%20DevOps%20workflows.%20at%20https%3A//www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ci-cd-security) Back to Top [Next](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/insecure-system-configuration-cicd-sec7?ts=markdown) What Is Insecure System Configuration? {#footer} ## 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