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* Products  
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  * [SaaS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/saas-security?ts=markdown)  
    [AI-Driven Security Operations Platform](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cloud Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Application Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/application-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cloud Posture Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-posture-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cloud Runtime Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/runtime-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Prisma Cloud](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/prisma/cloud?ts=markdown)
  
  * [AI-Driven SOC](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xsiam?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex XDR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xdr?ts=markdown)
  
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  * [Cortex XSOAR](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xsoar?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Exposure Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/exposure-management?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Xpanse](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xpanse?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cortex Advanced Email Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/advanced-email-security?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 Managed Detection \& Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/managed-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 Managed XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/managed-xsiam?ts=markdown)

* Solutions  
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  Secure AI by Design
  
  * [Secure AI Ecosystem](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/prisma/prisma-ai-runtime-security?ts=markdown)
  * [Secure GenAI Usage](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/ai-access-security?ts=markdown)  
    Network Security
  * [Cloud Network Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/software-firewalls?ts=markdown)
  * [Data Center Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/data-center?ts=markdown)
  * [DNS Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-dns-security?ts=markdown)
  * [Intrusion Detection and Prevention](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-threat-prevention?ts=markdown)
  * [Device Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/device-security?ts=markdown)
  * [OT Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/ot-device-security?ts=markdown)
  * [5G Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/5g-security?ts=markdown)
  * [Secure All Apps, Users and Locations](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/secure-users-data-apps-devices?ts=markdown)
  * [Secure Branch Transformation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/secure-branch-transformation?ts=markdown)
  * [Secure Work on Any Device](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/secure-work-on-any-device?ts=markdown)
  * [VPN Replacement](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/sase/vpn-replacement-for-secure-remote-access?ts=markdown)
  * [Web \& Phishing Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/network-security/advanced-url-filtering?ts=markdown)  
    Cloud Security
  * [Application Security Posture Management (ASPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/application-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Software Supply Chain Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/software-supply-chain-security?ts=markdown)
  * [Code Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/code-security?ts=markdown)
  * [Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Cloud Infrastructure Entitlement Management (CIEM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-infrastructure-entitlement-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Data Security Posture Management (DSPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/data-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [AI Security Posture Management (AI-SPM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/ai-security-posture-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Cloud Detection \& Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [Cloud Workload Protection (CWP)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/cloud-workload-protection?ts=markdown)
  * [Web Application \& API Security (WAAS)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud/web-app-api-security?ts=markdown)  
    Security Operations
  * [Cloud Detection \& Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cloud-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [Security Information and Event Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/modernize-siem?ts=markdown)
  * [Network Security Automation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/network-security-automation?ts=markdown)
  * [Incident Case Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/incident-case-management?ts=markdown)
  * [SOC Automation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/security-operations-automation?ts=markdown)
  * [Threat Intel Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/threat-intel-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Managed Detection \& Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/managed-detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
  * [Attack Surface Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xpanse/attack-surface-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Compliance Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xpanse/compliance-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Internet Operations Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xpanse/internet-operations-management?ts=markdown)
  * [Extended Data Lake (XDL)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-xdl?ts=markdown)
  * [Agentic Assistant](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/cortex-agentic-assistant?ts=markdown)  
    Endpoint Security
  * [Endpoint Protection](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/endpoint-protection?ts=markdown)
  * [Extended Detection \& Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/detection-and-response?ts=markdown)
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  * [Small \& Medium Business Solutions](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/industry/small-medium-business-portfolio?ts=markdown)

* Services  
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  [Threat Intel and Incident Response Services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Assess](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess?ts=markdown)
  
  * [AI Security Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/ai-security-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Attack Surface Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/attack-surface-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Breach Readiness Review](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/breach-readiness-review?ts=markdown)
  
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  * [Cloud Security Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/cloud-security-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Compromise Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/compromise-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
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  * [M\&A Cyber Due Diligence](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/mergers-acquisitions-cyber-due-diligence?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Penetration Testing](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/penetration-testing?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Purple Team Exercises](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/purple-teaming?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Ransomware Readiness Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/ransomware-readiness-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [SOC Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/soc-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Supply Chain Risk Assessment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/supply-chain-risk-assessment?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Tabletop Exercises](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/assess/tabletop-exercise?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 Retainer](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/retainer?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Respond](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Cloud Incident Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond/cloud-incident-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Digital Forensics](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond/digital-forensics?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Incident Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond/incident-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Managed Detection and Response](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond/managed-detection-response?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Managed Threat Hunting](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/respond/managed-threat-hunting?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Managed XSIAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cortex/managed-xsiam?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Unit 42 Retainer](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/retainer?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Transform](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/transform?ts=markdown)
  
  * [IR Plan Development and Review](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/transform/incident-response-plan-development-review?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Security Program Design](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/transform/security-program-design?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Virtual CISO](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/transform/vciso?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Zero Trust Advisory](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42/transform/zero-trust-advisory?ts=markdown)  
    [Global Customer Services](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services?ts=markdown)
  
  * [Education \& Training](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/education?ts=markdown)
  
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    UNIT 42 RETAINER
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* Partners  
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  * [Solution Providers](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/nextwave-solution-providers?ts=markdown)
  * [Managed Security Service Providers](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/managed-security-service-providers?ts=markdown)
  * [XMDR Partners](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/partners/managed-security-service-providers/xmdr?ts=markdown)  
    Take Action
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  * [Become a Partner](https://paloaltonetworks.my.site.com/NextWavePartnerProgram/s/partnerregistration?type=becomepartner)
  * [Request Access](https://paloaltonetworks.my.site.com/NextWavePartnerProgram/s/partnerregistration?type=requestaccess)
  * [Find a Partner](https://paloaltonetworks.my.site.com/NextWavePartnerProgram/s/partnerlocator)  
    [CYBERFORCE
    CYBERFORCE represents the top 1% of partner engineers trusted for their security expertise.
    Learn more](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberforce?ts=markdown)

* Company  
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  Palo Alto Networks
  
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  * [Precision AI Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/precision-ai-security?ts=markdown)
  * [Our Platform Approach](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/why-paloaltonetworks/platformization?ts=markdown)
  * [Accelerate Your Cybersecurity Transformation](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/why-paloaltonetworks/nam-cxo-portfolio?ts=markdown)
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    Careers
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    Read more](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/press/2021/palo-alto-networks-secures-top-ranking-on-newsweek-s-most-loved-workplaces-list-for-2021?ts=markdown)

* More  
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  * [Threat Vector Podcast](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit-42-threat-vector-podcast/)
  * [Packet Pushers Podcasts](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/podcasts/packet-pusher?ts=markdown)  
    Connect
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3. [What Is IKE (Internet Key Exchange)? | IKE Meaning](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-ike?ts=markdown)  
   Table of Contents

* [How Does the IKE Protocol Work?](#how)
* [What Is IKEv2?](#what)
* [IKE Use Cases](#ike)
* [IKE Pros and Cons](#cons)
* [IKE Vulnerabilities](#vulnerabilities)
* [IKE FAQs](#faqs)

# What Is IKE (Internet Key Exchange)? | IKE Meaning

3 min. read  
Table of Contents

* [How Does the IKE Protocol Work?](#how)
* [What Is IKEv2?](#what)
* [IKE Use Cases](#ike)
* [IKE Pros and Cons](#cons)
* [IKE Vulnerabilities](#vulnerabilities)
* [IKE FAQs](#faqs)

1. How Does the IKE Protocol Work?

* [1. How Does the IKE Protocol Work?](#how)
* [2. What Is IKEv2?](#what)
* [3. IKE Use Cases](#ike)
* [4. IKE Pros and Cons](#cons)
* [5. IKE Vulnerabilities](#vulnerabilities)
* [6. IKE FAQs](#faqs)

Internet Key Exchange (IKE) is a secure key management protocol for establishing secure, authenticated communication channels over IP networks.

IKE automates the negotiation and establishment of Security Associations (SAs) in IPsec for secure VPN connections. It ensures both parties in the communication use a common set of encryption and authentication methods, enabling the secure exchange of information. Acceptable methods can include encryption algorithms, authentication algorithms, Diffie-Hellman group, and pre-shared keys or RSA/DSA certificates.

## How Does the IKE Protocol Work?

![Flowchart shows IKE/IPsec process with SPD, SAD, IKE Daemon, key material, crypto operations, and IP packet transfer from source to destination.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/what-is-ike/ike-ipsec-architecture.png)

The IKE protocol provides continuous security assurance for communication over IP networks. It allows the dynamic establishment of encryption keys and the frequent change of those keys to maintain the security of communication channels.

In the enterprise context, where safeguarding data is paramount, Internet Key Exchange is the cornerstone of establishing Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) using IPsec. There are two main IKE phases that make the protocol work: Phase 1 and Phase 2.

### IKE Phase 1

![IKE Phase 1 exemplified by two routers connected by an ISAKMP tunnel across the Internet, IP addresses 1.1.1.1 and 2.2.2.2 shown.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/what-is-ike/ike-phase-1.png)

Phase 1 is about creating a trusted relationship and secure channel between two IKE peers. IKE negotiates the encryption and authentication methods that will secure communications. Communication can be authenticated using a pre-shared secret key, public key encryption, or a digital signature. The Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm is pivotal because it allows the two parties to establish a shared key over an unsecured channel without any prior exchange of secret keys. The chosen encryption algorithms and the strength of the keying material are critical in maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of the data.

Phase 1 has two distinct modes: Main Mode and Aggressive Mode. Main Mode offers identity protection and is more secure, taking six messages to complete the negotiation. Aggressive Mode is faster because it uses three messages but offers less security because it does not protect identities of negotiating parties.

### IKE Phase 2

![IKE Phase 2 shown by routers 'Router-1' \& 'Router-2' with IPs '1.1.1.1' \& '2.2.2.2', connected by IKE tunnels marked 'Phase-1' \& 'Phase-2'.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/what-is-ike/ike-phase-2.png)

Phase 2 starts with setting up Security Associations (SAs) for IPsec. Detailed negotiations occur to decide the exact parameters for the IPsec tunnel, including encryption and hashing algorithms to secure the data. Phase 2 ensures data passing through the IPsec tunnel is encrypted and authenticated, adhering to the agreed security policies. Phase 2 always operates in Quick Mode, efficiently establishing IPsec SAs based on the foundation built in Phase 1.

An important feature that can be implemented in Phase 2 is Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS). PFS ensures the keys for each communication session are not derived from a set of long-term keys, making it impossible to decrypt past sessions if long-term keys are compromised. Internet Key Exchange incorporates mechanisms for replay protection that authenticate the sequence of incoming IP packets. This defends against replay attacks, preventing hackers from intercepting and resending packets to disrupt communications or access systems without authorization.

During negotiation in Phase 2, proxy IDs are exchanged. These IDs represent the network traffic to be secured by the IPsec tunnel, ensuring only specified traffic is affected. A proxy ID contains a remote and local IP address prefix. Both peers must use matching proxy IDs, signifying that one peer's specified local IP address should correspond to the remote IP address set for the other peer.

The Phase 2 negotiation also determines whether to use Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) or Authentication Header (AH) as the security protocol, each serving different security functions for data packets.

## What Is IKEv2?

![A diagram of IKEv2 showing the exchange process between an initiator and a responder.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/what-is-ike/how-ikev2-works.png)

IKEv2, short for Internet Key Exchange version 2, is an updated tunneling protocol that was standardized in RFC 7296. It is designed to improve the efficiency and reliability of the original IKE protocol. As an essential component of IPsec VPN connections, IKEv2 simplifies the SA negotiation process, enhances security, and provides better support for changes in network connectivity.

Unlike its predecessor, IKEv2 simplifies the negotiation process by requiring fewer exchanges to establish a connection. It introduces a mechanism known as the IKE\_SA\_INIT, which combines the initial exchanges between parties to negotiate the security policies and methods. This is followed by the IKE\_AUTH exchange, where both parties authenticate themselves and establish encrypted sessions. The process is designed to be less resource intensive, offering reduced bandwidth consumption and faster connection times.

IKEv2 also includes robust support for mobile connections. The protocol incorporates MOBIKE (Mobility and Multihoming Protocol), which allows users to change network points without dropping the VPN connection. MOBIKE is particularly beneficial for mobile device users. It also comes with built in NAT traversal, making it more reliable when crossing network boundaries. IKEv2 automatically detects when an IPsec tunnel becomes inactive and promptly re-establishes the connection, ensuring uninterrupted secure communication.

## IKE Use Cases

Internet Key Exchange frequently serves as the foundational protocol for various secure network connections and services, including Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), Secure Shell (SSH) connections, Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) sessions, and secure site-to-site connections.

The protocol is used in scenarios where data integrity, confidentiality, and authentication are critical, such as in the secure exchange of data between corporate offices over the internet. It is also used to ensure secure remote access for mobile and home based employees, allowing them to connect to enterprise resources securely.

Internet Key Exchange's ability to dynamically manage SAs provides continuous protection against various threats, including man-in-the-middle, denial of service, and replay attacks. The dynamic aspect of the protocol is essential for maintaining long-term secure communication channels in evolving network architectures.

## IKE Pros and Cons

![IKE pros (reliable, scalable) \& cons (complex, resource intensive, incompatibility, difficulty with maintaining unified security posture)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/what-is-ike/ike-pros-and-cons.png)

Internet Key Exchange is very reliable, offering a consistent approach to encrypting data and authenticating communication sessions. Its scalability is especially beneficial for large-scale networks, as it can manage numerous simultaneous connections without a significant drop in performance.

Deploying IKE is not without challenges. The protocol's complexity can be a barrier to implementation, requiring specialized knowledge in encryption and authentication methods. The intricacy makes IKE resource intensive, often requiring investment in both hardware and expertise. The protocol's limited compatibility with some older and non-standard devices can hinder integration into existing network infrastructures. This limitation can lead to challenges in maintaining a unified security posture across all devices within a corporate network.

## IKE Vulnerabilities

Internet Key Exchange, while robust, is not immune to vulnerabilities. One such vulnerability is the potential for offline dictionary attacks, where attackers use precomputed hashes to guess low-entropy passwords. IKE can be susceptible to man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks that may attempt to downgrade the encryption strength. Replay attacks pose a threat, where attackers intercept and resend packets to disrupt the communication flow or gain unauthorized access.

Another concern is key reuse, potentially allowing attackers who have compromised a key to decrypt other sessions. Proper key management is essential to avoiding this. The implementation of protocols like Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) can be helpful, ensuring that each session has a unique encryption key.

To protect against vulnerabilities, enterprises should employ strong, high entropy passwords that are resistant to brute force attempts. Firewalls and updated security software form the first line of defense against MITM and other network based attacks. Regular updates to the protocol and related security software can protect against known exploits.

Implementing two-factor authentication is also helpful, adding an additional verification step that must be completed before granting access to a system. Network segmentation can reduce the attack surface by isolating critical systems and applying strict access controls. Employing anti-replay measures like sequence numbers or timestamps in configurations can prevent the successful execution of replay attacks.

By adhering to these best practices, enterprises can fortify their use of Internet Key Exchange against common exploits. It is crucial to stay vigilant and regularly review and update security practices to counteract potential vulnerabilities associated with IKE.

## IKE FAQs

### What is the IKE?

IKE is a protocol used to set up a secure, authenticated communication channel between devices.

### What does IKE stand for in networking?

In networking, IKE stands for Internet Key Exchange.

### What is IKE policy?

An IKE policy defines how devices authenticate and secure a connection.

### What is IKE Phase 1 and 2?

IKE Phase 1 establishes a secure channel; Phase 2 negotiates the data exchange.

### Is IKEv1 obsolete?

IKEv1 is not obsolete but has been superseded by IKEv2, which offers improvements.

### What port does IKE use?

IKE typically uses UDP port 500 for establishing secure connections.

### Does IKE use TCP?

IKE does not use TCP. It uses UDP for better performance and reliability.

### How do I connect to IKE VPN?

To connect to an IKE VPN, configure your device with the VPN's server address and authentication details.

### What is the difference between IKE and IKEv2?

IKEv2 is a revision of IKE with more security features and better connection stability.

### Does IKE use SSL?

IKE does not use SSL. It uses protocols such as ISAKMP to secure VPN connections.

### How does IKE VPN work?

IKE VPN works by establishing a secure channel and then negotiating security parameters for data transfer.

### What type of encryption is IKE?

IKE is a protocol for establishing secure VPN connections, not an encryption type itself. It negotiates encryption methods like AES or DES for the VPN.

### What is IKE short for?

IKE is short for Internet Key Exchange.
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