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Docs](https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/search) Close search modal [Deploy Bravely --- Secure your AI transformation with Prisma AIRS](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/deploybravely?ts=markdown) [](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/?ts=markdown) 1. [Cyberpedia](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia?ts=markdown) 2. [Identity Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/identity-security?ts=markdown) 3. [Machine Identity Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-non-human-identity?ts=markdown) 4. [What Is Machine Identity Security?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis?ts=markdown) Table of Contents * Machine Identity Security: The Definitive Guide * [Machine Identity Security Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#machine?ts=markdown) * [Four Pillars of Machine Identity Architecture](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#four?ts=markdown) * [Machine Identity in the Attacker Workflow: Unit 42 Observations](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#observations?ts=markdown) * [Cloud Security Implications and Identity Sprawl](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#cloud?ts=markdown) * [Implementing a Machine Identity Security Program](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#program?ts=markdown) * [Machine Identity Security FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is Workload Identity? Securing Non-Human Identities](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-workload-identity?ts=markdown) * [Workload Identity Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-workload-identity#workload?ts=markdown) * [The Core Components of Workload Identity Architecture](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-workload-identity#core?ts=markdown) * [Workload Identity in the Zero Trust Framework](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-workload-identity#framework?ts=markdown) * [Disrupting the Attack Lifecycle with Workload Identity](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-workload-identity#disrupting?ts=markdown) * [Workload Identity and the AI Agent Security Challenge](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-workload-identity#challenge?ts=markdown) * [Workload Identity FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-workload-identity#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is a Non-Human Identity (NHI)? Machine Identity Security Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-non-human-identity?ts=markdown) * [Non-Human Identity Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-non-human-identity#explained?ts=markdown) * [The Critical Distinction: Standing vs. Non-Standing Privileges](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-non-human-identity#privileges?ts=markdown) * [Lateral Movement and Attacker Workflow](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-non-human-identity#lateral?ts=markdown) * [Non-Human Identity and Zero Trust Alignment](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-non-human-identity#alignment?ts=markdown) * [CIEM, IAM, and PAM Relationships in NHI Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-non-human-identity#security?ts=markdown) * [Strategic Management and Testing of NHIs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-non-human-identity#strategic?ts=markdown) * [Non-Human Identity FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-non-human-identity#faqs?ts=markdown) * [What Is a Machine Identity?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity?ts=markdown) * [How Do Machine Identities Work?](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity#how?ts=markdown) * [Machine Identity Management (MIM) vs. Human IAM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity#vs?ts=markdown) * [Architecture Components and Identity Types](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity#types?ts=markdown) * [Secrets Management vs. Machine Identity Management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity#secrets?ts=markdown) * [Lateral Movement and Attacker Workflow](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity#workflow?ts=markdown) * [Cloud Security Implications and CIEM](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity#ciem?ts=markdown) * [Implementation Steps for Machine Identity Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity#implementation?ts=markdown) * [Machine Identity FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity#faqs?ts=markdown) # What Is Machine Identity Security (MIS)? 3 min. read [Explore Identity Security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/identity-security?ts=markdown) Table of Contents * * [Machine Identity Security Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#machine?ts=markdown) * [Four Pillars of Machine Identity Architecture](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#four?ts=markdown) * [Machine Identity in the Attacker Workflow: Unit 42 Observations](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#observations?ts=markdown) * [Cloud Security Implications and Identity Sprawl](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#cloud?ts=markdown) * [Implementing a Machine Identity Security Program](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#program?ts=markdown) * [Machine Identity Security FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#faqs?ts=markdown) 1. Machine Identity Security Explained * * [Machine Identity Security Explained](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#machine?ts=markdown) * [Four Pillars of Machine Identity Architecture](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#four?ts=markdown) * [Machine Identity in the Attacker Workflow: Unit 42 Observations](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#observations?ts=markdown) * [Cloud Security Implications and Identity Sprawl](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#cloud?ts=markdown) * [Implementing a Machine Identity Security Program](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#program?ts=markdown) * [Machine Identity Security FAQs](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis#faqs?ts=markdown) Machine identity security is the strategic discipline of discovering, governing, and protecting the non-human credentials---including digital certificates, cryptographic keys, and API tokens---that authenticate interactions between workloads, applications, and devices. This framework ensures that every automated process possesses a verifiable identity, preventing unauthorized access and securing the integrity of data in transit across modern, decentralized environments. Key Points * **Machine-First Focus**: Traditional identity tools prioritize humans, but security requires managing the 82:1 ratio of machine-to-human identities found in modern enterprises. \* **Cryptographic Foundation**: Security relies on certificates and keys rather than passwords to establish trust and facilitate encrypted communication. \* **Automated Lifecycle**: Effective defense necessitates the automated issuance, rotation, and revocation of credentials to keep pace with dynamic cloud workloads. \* **Zero Trust Necessity**: Continuous verification of every machine identity is mandatory to eliminate implicit trust and prevent lateral movement within networks. \* **Speed of Defense**: With Unit 42 reporting that attackers can exfiltrate data in under two hours, automated identity security is the only way to counter machine-speed threats. ## Machine Identity Security Explained While human identity security focuses on protecting usernames and passwords, machine identity security addresses the "digital fingerprints" used by servers, containers, microservices, and IoT devices. As organizations shift toward cloud-native architectures and microservices, the volume of these [non-human](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-a-non-human-identity?ts=markdown) entities has exploded. Unlike a human who can use biometrics or a mobile phone for multi-factor authentication (MFA), a machine relies on digital certificates (TLS/SSL), SSH keys, and API secrets to prove its legitimacy. The significance of this field lies in the sheer scale and lack of visibility associated with automated systems. If a single API key is hardcoded into a script or a certificate expires, the result is either a devastating security breach or a costly operational outage. In a Zero Trust environment, the identity of the machine is the new perimeter. Establishing a comprehensive security posture means ensuring that every machine---whether it exists for seconds as a container or years as a physical server---is continuously authenticated, monitored, and granted only the minimum access required to perform its function. Without this level of rigor, attackers can leverage orphaned or overprivileged machine identities to [move laterally](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-lateral-movement?ts=markdown) across a network undetected. ## Four Pillars of Machine Identity Architecture A mature [machine identity security (MIS)](https://www.cyberark.com/what-is/machine-identity-security/) program is built on four core architectural pillars. These ensure comprehensive control over the entire lifecycle of non-human identities. Adopting this structured approach is necessary to align MIS with a modern [identity security](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-identity-security?ts=markdown) framework. **1. Discovery and Inventory** * **Action**: Identifying all machine identities across the network, including on-premises systems and multi-cloud environments. * **Scope**: Certificates, SSH keys, application secrets, API keys, and service accounts, and all credentials subject to API key management. * **Goal**: Establish a single, verifiable source of truth for all non-human credentials. **2. Secrets and Key Vaulting** * **Action**: Centralizing the secure storage and management of all sensitive credentials. * **Scope**: Secure vaults, hardware security modules (HSMs), and cloud key management services (KMS). * **Goal** : Eliminate hard-coded secrets from application code and prevent **credential theft** from source files or configuration maps. **3. Automated Provisioning and Rotation** * **Action**: Implementing continuous, automated processes for issuing, renewing, and revoking machine identities. * **Scope** : Automated rotation policies based on time or usage. Modern implementations leverage open standards like SPIFFE to issue cryptographic [workload identities](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-workload-identity?ts=markdown) (SVIDs) that replace static credentials with short-lived, verifiable tokens. * **Goal**: Minimize the window of opportunity for an attacker to exploit a compromised secret, thereby reducing attacker dwell time. **4. Policy Enforcement and Governance** * **Action**: Defining and enforcing granular, context-aware access policies for every machine-to-machine interaction. * **Scope** : Integrating with Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and existing **network segmentation** controls. * **Goal** : Ensure every machine identity adheres to the **principle of least privilege**, granting access only for the specific resources and time required. **Human vs. Machine Identity Management** | **Feature** | **Human Identity (Users)** | **Machine Identity (Workloads)** | |---------------------------|------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------| | **Authentication Method** | Passwords, MFA, Biometrics | API Keys, Certificates, Tokens, Secrets | | **Lifecycle Management** | Event-driven (Hiring, Role Change) | Automated, Policy-driven (Rotation, Expiration) | | **Volume and Scale** | Low (Thousands) | Very High (Millions, Exponential Growth) | | **Risk Focus** | Phishing, Account Takeover | Credential Sprawl, Excess Entitlements, Misconfiguration | | **Governance Need** | Access Reviews, Training | Continuous Audit, Automated Policy Verification | **Table 1**: Human vs. Machine Identity Management Comparison ![A flow chart showing a red attacker path moving from a 'Code Repository' box to an 'API Gateway' (highlighted in orange) and finally to a 'Production Database.'](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/images/cyberpedia/what-is-mis/the-machine-identity-attack-vector.webp "A flow chart showing a red attacker path moving from a 'Code Repository' box to an 'API Gateway' (highlighted in orange) and finally to a 'Production Database.'") **Figure 1**: A compromised secret in a code repository can grant attackers the credentials needed to bypass API gateways and access production databases. ## Machine Identity in the Attacker Workflow: Unit 42 Observations Threat actors prioritize compromising machine identities because they grant direct access to high-value resources. Unlike human accounts, a compromised machine identity is often active 24/7. It may have broad permissions due to excess entitlements or flawed configuration. Unit 42 research consistently highlights the role of machine identities in enabling attack campaigns. ### Unit 42 Threat Behavior Insights [Unit 42 research](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/research/unit-42-incident-response-report?ts=markdown) confirms that machine identity misuse is a recurring pattern across the attack lifecycle. Successful attacks frequently leverage non-human credentials to achieve their objectives. 1. **Initial Access**: Attackers scan public code repositories, cloud storage buckets, or misconfigured API gateways to harvest plaintext or easily decrypted credentials. A single exposed API key can provide the entry point. 2. **Lateral Movement**: Once inside, the attacker uses the compromised machine identity (e.g., a service account secret) to impersonate the legitimate machine. This allows them to move laterally to new hosts, databases, or cloud accounts without triggering typical user-based alerts. This behavior often exploits the machine's excess entitlements. 3. **Privilege Escalation**: Machine identities, especially those assigned to core infrastructure such as CI/CD systems or secret managers, often have elevated permissions. Abusing these allows an attacker to achieve privilege escalation, such as modifying security policies or creating new administrative users. 4. **Evasion**: Traditional security tools are tuned to detect human anomalies. Machine-to-machine traffic using valid, compromised secrets often blends into the environment's baseline. This allows the attacker to maintain persistence and continue data exfiltration with minimal risk of detection. ## Cloud Security Implications and Identity Sprawl The migration to the cloud accelerates machine identity sprawl exponentially. Every function, container, and serverless component requires its own cloud machine identity to interact with cloud provider services. This transition introduces unique operational challenges that necessitate a specialized security approach. The shift from on-premises servers to dynamic cloud workloads complicates traditional identity management. Identities are no longer static; they are created and destroyed in minutes, sometimes seconds. This requires an Identity and Access Management (IAM) system that can automatically manage credentials for temporary or ephemeral resources. ### What Are the Challenges of Machine Identity Security? Securing machine identities in the cloud demands alignment with a zero trust identity approach, where every request is treated as untrusted until verified. * **Secret Sprawl**: Developers frequently create temporary secrets for testing or deployment without proper inventory or retirement. These orphaned secrets become an avenue for compromise. * **Misconfiguration** : Improperly configured [Identity and Access Management (IAM)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-identity-and-access-management?ts=markdown) roles in cloud providers often grant more permissions than necessary (excess entitlements). If a key associated with this role is stolen, the blast radius is vast. * **CI/CD Pipeline Exposure** : The [CI/CD pipeline](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-the-ci-cd-pipeline-and-ci-cd-security?ts=markdown) is a primary target. It holds secrets for production environments. Exploiting a weakness here allows an attacker to inject malicious code or steal credentials with high impact. | **Challenge** | **Impact on Security** | **Mitigation Strategy** | |----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Unmanaged Certificates** | Service downtime due to certificate expiration; Man-in-the-Middle attacks. | Automated certificate management through PKI enrollment and certificate rotation policies. | | **Hard-Coded Secrets** | Source code leak leads to immediate compromise; Difficult to revoke. | Implement centralized vaulting, forcing secrets injection at runtime. | | **Excess Entitlements** | High-impact **privilege escalation** after account compromise. | Implement [Just-in-Time (JIT)](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-just-in-time-access-jit?ts=markdown) access policies and automated least-privilege checks. | | **Inconsistent Policy** | Lack of security parity between on-premises and cloud environments. | Deploy a unified control plane for [identity governance](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-modern-identity-governance-administration-iga?ts=markdown) across the entire hybrid estate. | **Table 2**: Machine Identity Security Challenges and Mitigation Strategies ## Implementing a Machine Identity Security Program Implementing a robust Machine Identity Security program requires a programmatic, multi-step approach. Organizations must move beyond manual tracking and adopt automation to match the pace of non-human identity creation. ### Key Steps for Programmatic Success 1. **Define Scope and Policy**: Begin by classifying machine identities by risk and use case (e.g., high-risk production secrets, low-risk development API keys). Establish clear policies for minimum rotation frequency and required authentication strength. 2. **Centralize Vaulting** : Adopt a single, unified [secret management](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/secrets-management?ts=markdown) solution. Migrate all hard-coded credentials out of code and configuration files. Ensure developer pipelines dynamically fetch secrets at runtime. 3. **Integrate Identity Services**: Connect the secret management system with cloud platforms (AWS IAM, Azure AD, GCP IAM) and enterprise PKI. This ensures identities are automatically registered and compliant with corporate policy. 4. **Automate Rotation and Revocation**: Implement mandatory, automated rotation schedules for all machine identities. Establish instant, automated revocation procedures for any secret detected in a public repository or used for suspicious activity. 5. **Audit and Report** : Continuously monitor identity usage. Look for machine identities attempting to access resources outside their defined scope or exhibiting unusual usage patterns, which can indicate threat behaviors. Use audit logs to enforce accountability and ensure compliance with security standards such as [NIST 800-63](https://pages.nist.gov/800-63-3/). ## Machine Identity Security FAQs ### What is the difference between human identity and machine identity? Human identities belong to individual users and are typically verified using passwords, multi-factor authentication, or biometrics. Machine identities are non-human entities, such as service accounts or API keys, that authenticate automatically to facilitate communication between applications and workloads. Machine identities exist at a far greater scale and must be managed through continuous automation. ### How does machine identity security relate to Zero Trust? Machine Identity Security is foundational to **Zero Trust**. The Zero Trust model requires that no entity, human or machine, is inherently trusted. By continuously verifying, authenticating, and authorizing every machine-to-machine transaction using secure, managed credentials, MIS enforces the core tenet of "never trust, always verify." ### What is secret sprawl, and why is it a risk? Secret sprawl occurs when unmanaged, non-inventoried credentials (secrets, keys, tokens) are scattered across multiple locations, including cloud environments, developer laptops, and code repositories. This dramatically increases the attack surface, creating numerous opportunities for attackers to harvest credentials for lateral movement and compromise. ### Which frameworks address machine identity security? Several authoritative frameworks address the principles of securing machine identities. NIST Special Publication 800-63 provides digital identity guidelines. MITRE ATT\&CK includes tactics, such as Credential Access (T1552) and Discovery (T1526), that explicitly cover the compromise and abuse of secrets and non-human identities. ### What is Just-in-Time (JIT) privilege for machine identities? JIT privilege for machine identities means a workload is granted a high-value secret or elevated permission only for a short, finite duration, and only when the access is strictly necessary. This minimizes the risk of excess entitlements. Once the task is complete, the permission is automatically revoked, significantly limiting the window available for an attacker to abuse the credential. Related Content [Whitepaper: The Evolution of Identity as the New Perimeter Learn why traditional IAM is no longer enough and how Palo Alto Networks is redefining security architecture by placing identity (human and machine) at the center of threat prevent...](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/whitepapers/identity-as-the-new-perimeter) [Guide: Securing Machine Identities in the AI Era An in-depth look at how the explosion of AI agents and microservices has created a massive machine identity gap, and the strategies needed to close it.](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/guides/securing-machine-identities) [Case Study: Real-Time Threat Detection with AI-Powered Platforms Discover how enterprises use integrated platforms to identify and repel credential-based attacks targeting machine accounts in real time.](https://cloud.google.com/customers/palo-alto-networks-nvidia) [Technical Docs: Assessing Identity Security with SSPM A deep dive into using SaaS Security Posture Management (SSPM) to assess and harden identity security across your cloud and SaaS applications.](https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/saas-security/sspm/assess-posture-security/assess-identity-security) ![Share page on facebook](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/resources/facebook-circular-icon.svg) ![Share page on linkedin](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/resources/linkedin-circular-icon.svg) [![Share page by an email](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/etc/clientlibs/clean/imgs/resources/email-circular-icon.svg)](mailto:?subject=Machine%20Identity%20Security%3A%20The%20Definitive%20Guide&body=Discover%20why%20machine%20identity%20security%20is%20vital%20for%20protecting%20certificates%20and%20API%20keys%20from%20theft.%20Learn%20Zero%20Trust%20strategies%20and%20Unit%2042%20insights%20today.%20at%20https%3A//www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-machine-identity-security-mis) Back to Top [Next](https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-workload-identity?ts=markdown) What Is Workload Identity? 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